29_mipmapping.cpp

#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <vector>
#include <cstring>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <memory>
#include <algorithm>
#include <limits>
#include <array>
#include <chrono>
#include <assert.h>

#ifdef __INTELLISENSE__
#include <vulkan/vulkan_raii.hpp>
#else
import vulkan_hpp;
#endif

#include <vulkan/vk_platform.h>

#define GLFW_INCLUDE_VULKAN // REQUIRED only for GLFW CreateWindowSurface.
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>

#define GLM_FORCE_RADIANS
#define GLM_FORCE_DEPTH_ZERO_TO_ONE
#define GLM_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL
#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
#include <glm/gtx/hash.hpp>

#define STB_IMAGE_IMPLEMENTATION
#include <stb_image.h>

#define TINYOBJLOADER_IMPLEMENTATION
#include <tiny_obj_loader.h>

constexpr uint32_t WIDTH = 800;
constexpr uint32_t HEIGHT = 600;
constexpr uint64_t FenceTimeout = 100000000;
const std::string MODEL_PATH = "models/viking_room.obj";
const std::string TEXTURE_PATH = "textures/viking_room.png";
constexpr int MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT = 2;

const std::vector validationLayers = {
    "VK_LAYER_KHRONOS_validation"
};

#ifdef NDEBUG
constexpr bool enableValidationLayers = false;
#else
constexpr bool enableValidationLayers = true;
#endif

struct Vertex {
    glm::vec3 pos;
    glm::vec3 color;
    glm::vec2 texCoord;

    static vk::VertexInputBindingDescription getBindingDescription() {
        return { 0, sizeof(Vertex), vk::VertexInputRate::eVertex };
    }

    static std::array<vk::VertexInputAttributeDescription, 3> getAttributeDescriptions() {
        return {
            vk::VertexInputAttributeDescription( 0, 0, vk::Format::eR32G32B32Sfloat, offsetof(Vertex, pos) ),
            vk::VertexInputAttributeDescription( 1, 0, vk::Format::eR32G32B32Sfloat, offsetof(Vertex, color) ),
            vk::VertexInputAttributeDescription( 2, 0, vk::Format::eR32G32Sfloat, offsetof(Vertex, texCoord) )
        };
    }

    bool operator==(const Vertex& other) const {
        return pos == other.pos && color == other.color && texCoord == other.texCoord;
    }
};

template<> struct std::hash<Vertex> {
    size_t operator()(Vertex const& vertex) const noexcept {
        return ((hash<glm::vec3>()(vertex.pos) ^ (hash<glm::vec3>()(vertex.color) << 1)) >> 1) ^ (hash<glm::vec2>()(vertex.texCoord) << 1);
    }
};

struct UniformBufferObject {
    alignas(16) glm::mat4 model;
    alignas(16) glm::mat4 view;
    alignas(16) glm::mat4 proj;
};

class HelloTriangleApplication {
public:
    void run() {
        initWindow();
        initVulkan();
        mainLoop();
        cleanup();
    }

private:
    GLFWwindow *                     window = nullptr;
    vk::raii::Context                context;
    vk::raii::Instance               instance       = nullptr;
    vk::raii::DebugUtilsMessengerEXT debugMessenger = nullptr;
    vk::raii::SurfaceKHR             surface        = nullptr;
    vk::raii::PhysicalDevice         physicalDevice = nullptr;
    vk::raii::Device                 device         = nullptr;
    uint32_t                         queueIndex     = ~0;
    vk::raii::Queue                  queue          = nullptr;
    vk::raii::SwapchainKHR           swapChain      = nullptr;
    std::vector<vk::Image>           swapChainImages;
    vk::SurfaceFormatKHR             swapChainSurfaceFormat;
    vk::Extent2D                     swapChainExtent;
    std::vector<vk::raii::ImageView> swapChainImageViews;

    vk::raii::DescriptorSetLayout descriptorSetLayout = nullptr;
    vk::raii::PipelineLayout pipelineLayout = nullptr;
    vk::raii::Pipeline graphicsPipeline = nullptr;

    vk::raii::Image depthImage = nullptr;
    vk::raii::DeviceMemory depthImageMemory = nullptr;
    vk::raii::ImageView depthImageView = nullptr;

    uint32_t mipLevels = 0;
    vk::raii::Image textureImage = nullptr;
    vk::raii::DeviceMemory textureImageMemory = nullptr;
    vk::raii::ImageView textureImageView = nullptr;
    vk::raii::Sampler textureSampler = nullptr;

    std::vector<Vertex> vertices;
    std::vector<uint32_t> indices;
    vk::raii::Buffer vertexBuffer = nullptr;
    vk::raii::DeviceMemory vertexBufferMemory = nullptr;
    vk::raii::Buffer indexBuffer = nullptr;
    vk::raii::DeviceMemory indexBufferMemory = nullptr;

    std::vector<vk::raii::Buffer> uniformBuffers;
    std::vector<vk::raii::DeviceMemory> uniformBuffersMemory;
    std::vector<void*> uniformBuffersMapped;

    vk::raii::DescriptorPool descriptorPool = nullptr;
    std::vector<vk::raii::DescriptorSet> descriptorSets;

    vk::raii::CommandPool commandPool = nullptr;
    std::vector<vk::raii::CommandBuffer> commandBuffers;

    std::vector<vk::raii::Semaphore> presentCompleteSemaphore;
    std::vector<vk::raii::Semaphore> renderFinishedSemaphore;
    std::vector<vk::raii::Fence> inFlightFences;
    uint32_t semaphoreIndex = 0;
    uint32_t currentFrame = 0;

    bool framebufferResized = false;

    std::vector<const char*> requiredDeviceExtension = {
        vk::KHRSwapchainExtensionName,
        vk::KHRSpirv14ExtensionName,
        vk::KHRSynchronization2ExtensionName,
        vk::KHRCreateRenderpass2ExtensionName
    };

    void initWindow() {
        glfwInit();

        glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CLIENT_API, GLFW_NO_API);

        window = glfwCreateWindow(WIDTH, HEIGHT, "Vulkan", nullptr, nullptr);
        glfwSetWindowUserPointer(window, this);
        glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(window, framebufferResizeCallback);
    }

    static void framebufferResizeCallback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height) {
        auto app = static_cast<HelloTriangleApplication*>(glfwGetWindowUserPointer(window));
        app->framebufferResized = true;
    }

    void initVulkan() {
        createInstance();
        setupDebugMessenger();
        createSurface();
        pickPhysicalDevice();
        createLogicalDevice();
        createSwapChain();
        createImageViews();
        createDescriptorSetLayout();
        createGraphicsPipeline();
        createCommandPool();
        createDepthResources();
        createTextureImage();
        createTextureImageView();
        createTextureSampler();
        loadModel();
        createVertexBuffer();
        createIndexBuffer();
        createUniformBuffers();
        createDescriptorPool();
        createDescriptorSets();
        createCommandBuffers();
        createSyncObjects();
    }

    void mainLoop() {
        while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window)) {
            glfwPollEvents();
            drawFrame();
        }

        device.waitIdle();
    }

    void cleanupSwapChain() {
        swapChainImageViews.clear();
        swapChain = nullptr;
    }

    void cleanup() const {
        glfwDestroyWindow(window);

        glfwTerminate();
    }

    void recreateSwapChain() {
        int width = 0, height = 0;
        glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &width, &height);
        while (width == 0 || height == 0) {
            glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &width, &height);
            glfwWaitEvents();
        }

        device.waitIdle();

        cleanupSwapChain();
        createSwapChain();
        createImageViews();
        createDepthResources();
    }

    void createInstance() {
        constexpr vk::ApplicationInfo appInfo{ .pApplicationName   = "Hello Triangle",
                    .applicationVersion = VK_MAKE_VERSION( 1, 0, 0 ),
                    .pEngineName        = "No Engine",
                    .engineVersion      = VK_MAKE_VERSION( 1, 0, 0 ),
                    .apiVersion         = vk::ApiVersion14 };
        // Get the required layers
        std::vector<char const*> requiredLayers;
        if (enableValidationLayers) {
          requiredLayers.assign(validationLayers.begin(), validationLayers.end());
        }

        // Check if the required layers are supported by the Vulkan implementation.
        auto layerProperties = context.enumerateInstanceLayerProperties();
        for (auto const& requiredLayer : requiredLayers)
        {
            if (std::ranges::none_of(layerProperties,
                                     [requiredLayer](auto const& layerProperty)
                                     { return strcmp(layerProperty.layerName, requiredLayer) == 0; }))
            {
                throw std::runtime_error("Required layer not supported: " + std::string(requiredLayer));
            }
        }

        // Get the required extensions.
        auto requiredExtensions = getRequiredExtensions();

        // Check if the required extensions are supported by the Vulkan implementation.
        auto extensionProperties = context.enumerateInstanceExtensionProperties();
        for (auto const& requiredExtension : requiredExtensions)
        {
            if (std::ranges::none_of(extensionProperties,
                                     [requiredExtension](auto const& extensionProperty)
                                     { return strcmp(extensionProperty.extensionName, requiredExtension) == 0; }))
            {
                throw std::runtime_error("Required extension not supported: " + std::string(requiredExtension));
            }
        }

        vk::InstanceCreateInfo createInfo{
            .pApplicationInfo        = &appInfo,
            .enabledLayerCount       = static_cast<uint32_t>(requiredLayers.size()),
            .ppEnabledLayerNames     = requiredLayers.data(),
            .enabledExtensionCount   = static_cast<uint32_t>(requiredExtensions.size()),
            .ppEnabledExtensionNames = requiredExtensions.data() };
        instance = vk::raii::Instance(context, createInfo);
    }

    void setupDebugMessenger() {
        if (!enableValidationLayers) return;

        vk::DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagsEXT severityFlags( vk::DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagBitsEXT::eVerbose | vk::DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagBitsEXT::eWarning | vk::DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagBitsEXT::eError );
        vk::DebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT    messageTypeFlags( vk::DebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagBitsEXT::eGeneral | vk::DebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagBitsEXT::ePerformance | vk::DebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagBitsEXT::eValidation );
        vk::DebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT debugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT{
            .messageSeverity = severityFlags,
            .messageType = messageTypeFlags,
            .pfnUserCallback = &debugCallback
            };
        debugMessenger = instance.createDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(debugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT);
    }

    void createSurface() {
        VkSurfaceKHR       _surface;
        if (glfwCreateWindowSurface(*instance, window, nullptr, &_surface) != 0) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to create window surface!");
        }
        surface = vk::raii::SurfaceKHR(instance, _surface);
    }

    void pickPhysicalDevice() {
        std::vector<vk::raii::PhysicalDevice> devices = instance.enumeratePhysicalDevices();
        const auto                            devIter = std::ranges::find_if(
          devices,
          [&]( auto const & device )
          {
            // Check if the device supports the Vulkan 1.3 API version
            bool supportsVulkan1_3 = device.getProperties().apiVersion >= VK_API_VERSION_1_3;

            // Check if any of the queue families support graphics operations
                auto queueFamilies = device.getQueueFamilyProperties();
            bool supportsGraphics =
              std::ranges::any_of( queueFamilies, []( auto const & qfp ) { return !!( qfp.queueFlags & vk::QueueFlagBits::eGraphics ); } );

            // Check if all required device extensions are available
            auto availableDeviceExtensions = device.enumerateDeviceExtensionProperties();
            bool supportsAllRequiredExtensions =
              std::ranges::all_of( requiredDeviceExtension,
                                   [&availableDeviceExtensions]( auto const & requiredDeviceExtension )
                        {
                                     return std::ranges::any_of( availableDeviceExtensions,
                                                                 [requiredDeviceExtension]( auto const & availableDeviceExtension )
                                                                 { return strcmp( availableDeviceExtension.extensionName, requiredDeviceExtension ) == 0; } );
                        } );

            auto features = device.template getFeatures2<vk::PhysicalDeviceFeatures2, vk::PhysicalDeviceVulkan13Features, vk::PhysicalDeviceExtendedDynamicStateFeaturesEXT>();
            bool supportsRequiredFeatures = features.template get<vk::PhysicalDeviceFeatures2>().features.samplerAnisotropy &&
                                            features.template get<vk::PhysicalDeviceVulkan13Features>().dynamicRendering &&
                                            features.template get<vk::PhysicalDeviceExtendedDynamicStateFeaturesEXT>().extendedDynamicState;

            return supportsVulkan1_3 && supportsGraphics && supportsAllRequiredExtensions && supportsRequiredFeatures;
        });
        if ( devIter != devices.end() )
        {
            physicalDevice = *devIter;
        }
        else
        {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to find a suitable GPU!");
        }
    }

    void createLogicalDevice() {
        std::vector<vk::QueueFamilyProperties> queueFamilyProperties = physicalDevice.getQueueFamilyProperties();

        // get the first index into queueFamilyProperties which supports both graphics and present
        for (uint32_t qfpIndex = 0; qfpIndex < queueFamilyProperties.size(); qfpIndex++)
        {
            if ((queueFamilyProperties[qfpIndex].queueFlags & vk::QueueFlagBits::eGraphics) &&
                physicalDevice.getSurfaceSupportKHR(qfpIndex, *surface))
            {
                // found a queue family that supports both graphics and present
                queueIndex = qfpIndex;
                break;
            }
        }
        if (queueIndex == ~0)
        {
            throw std::runtime_error("Could not find a queue for graphics and present -> terminating");
        }

        // query for Vulkan 1.3 features
        vk::StructureChain<vk::PhysicalDeviceFeatures2, vk::PhysicalDeviceVulkan13Features, vk::PhysicalDeviceExtendedDynamicStateFeaturesEXT> featureChain = {
            {.features = {.samplerAnisotropy = true } },            // vk::PhysicalDeviceFeatures2
            {.synchronization2 = true, .dynamicRendering = true },  // vk::PhysicalDeviceVulkan13Features
            {.extendedDynamicState = true }                         // vk::PhysicalDeviceExtendedDynamicStateFeaturesEXT
        };

        // create a Device
        float                     queuePriority = 0.0f;
        vk::DeviceQueueCreateInfo deviceQueueCreateInfo{ .queueFamilyIndex = queueIndex, .queueCount = 1, .pQueuePriorities = &queuePriority };
        vk::DeviceCreateInfo      deviceCreateInfo{ .pNext = &featureChain.get<vk::PhysicalDeviceFeatures2>(),
                                                    .queueCreateInfoCount = 1,
                                                    .pQueueCreateInfos = &deviceQueueCreateInfo,
                                                    .enabledExtensionCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(requiredDeviceExtension.size()),
                                                    .ppEnabledExtensionNames = requiredDeviceExtension.data() };

        device = vk::raii::Device( physicalDevice, deviceCreateInfo );
        queue = vk::raii::Queue( device, queueIndex, 0 );
    }

    void createSwapChain() {
        auto surfaceCapabilities = physicalDevice.getSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR( *surface );
        swapChainExtent          = chooseSwapExtent( surfaceCapabilities );
        swapChainSurfaceFormat   = chooseSwapSurfaceFormat( physicalDevice.getSurfaceFormatsKHR( *surface ) );
        vk::SwapchainCreateInfoKHR swapChainCreateInfo{ .surface          = *surface,
                                                        .minImageCount    = chooseSwapMinImageCount( surfaceCapabilities ),
                                                        .imageFormat      = swapChainSurfaceFormat.format,
                                                        .imageColorSpace  = swapChainSurfaceFormat.colorSpace,
                                                        .imageExtent      = swapChainExtent,
                                                        .imageArrayLayers = 1,
                                                        .imageUsage       = vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eColorAttachment,
                                                        .imageSharingMode = vk::SharingMode::eExclusive,
                                                        .preTransform     = surfaceCapabilities.currentTransform,
                                                        .compositeAlpha   = vk::CompositeAlphaFlagBitsKHR::eOpaque,
                                                        .presentMode      = chooseSwapPresentMode( physicalDevice.getSurfacePresentModesKHR( *surface ) ),
                                                        .clipped          = true };

        swapChain = vk::raii::SwapchainKHR(device, swapChainCreateInfo);
        swapChainImages = swapChain.getImages();
    }

    void createImageViews() {
        assert(swapChainImageViews.empty());

        vk::ImageViewCreateInfo imageViewCreateInfo{
            .viewType = vk::ImageViewType::e2D,
            .format = swapChainSurfaceFormat.format,
            .subresourceRange = { vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor, 0, 1, 0, 1 }
        };
        for ( auto image : swapChainImages )
        {
            imageViewCreateInfo.image = image;
            swapChainImageViews.emplace_back( device, imageViewCreateInfo );
        }
    }

    void createDescriptorSetLayout() {
        std::array bindings = {
            vk::DescriptorSetLayoutBinding( 0, vk::DescriptorType::eUniformBuffer, 1, vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eVertex, nullptr),
            vk::DescriptorSetLayoutBinding( 1, vk::DescriptorType::eCombinedImageSampler, 1, vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eFragment, nullptr)
        };

        vk::DescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo layoutInfo{ .bindingCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(bindings.size()), .pBindings = bindings.data() };
        descriptorSetLayout = vk::raii::DescriptorSetLayout(device, layoutInfo);
    }

    void createGraphicsPipeline() {
        vk::raii::ShaderModule shaderModule = createShaderModule(readFile("shaders/slang.spv"));

        vk::PipelineShaderStageCreateInfo vertShaderStageInfo{ .stage = vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eVertex, .module = shaderModule,  .pName = "vertMain" };
        vk::PipelineShaderStageCreateInfo fragShaderStageInfo{ .stage = vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eFragment, .module = shaderModule, .pName = "fragMain" };
        vk::PipelineShaderStageCreateInfo shaderStages[] = {vertShaderStageInfo, fragShaderStageInfo};

        auto bindingDescription = Vertex::getBindingDescription();
        auto attributeDescriptions = Vertex::getAttributeDescriptions();
        vk::PipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo vertexInputInfo{
            .vertexBindingDescriptionCount = 1,
            .pVertexBindingDescriptions = &bindingDescription,
            .vertexAttributeDescriptionCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(attributeDescriptions.size()),
            .pVertexAttributeDescriptions = attributeDescriptions.data()
        };
        vk::PipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo inputAssembly{
            .topology = vk::PrimitiveTopology::eTriangleList,
            .primitiveRestartEnable = vk::False
        };
        vk::PipelineViewportStateCreateInfo viewportState{
            .viewportCount = 1,
            .scissorCount = 1
        };
        vk::PipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo rasterizer{
            .depthClampEnable = vk::False,
            .rasterizerDiscardEnable = vk::False,
            .polygonMode = vk::PolygonMode::eFill,
            .cullMode = vk::CullModeFlagBits::eBack,
            .frontFace = vk::FrontFace::eCounterClockwise,
            .depthBiasEnable = vk::False
        };
        rasterizer.lineWidth = 1.0f;
        vk::PipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo multisampling{
            .rasterizationSamples = vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e1,
            .sampleShadingEnable = vk::False
        };
        vk::PipelineDepthStencilStateCreateInfo depthStencil{
            .depthTestEnable = vk::True,
            .depthWriteEnable = vk::True,
            .depthCompareOp = vk::CompareOp::eLess,
            .depthBoundsTestEnable = vk::False,
            .stencilTestEnable = vk::False
        };
        vk::PipelineColorBlendAttachmentState colorBlendAttachment;
        colorBlendAttachment.colorWriteMask = vk::ColorComponentFlagBits::eR | vk::ColorComponentFlagBits::eG | vk::ColorComponentFlagBits::eB | vk::ColorComponentFlagBits::eA;
        colorBlendAttachment.blendEnable = vk::False;

        vk::PipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo colorBlending{
            .logicOpEnable = vk::False,
            .logicOp = vk::LogicOp::eCopy,
            .attachmentCount = 1,
            .pAttachments = &colorBlendAttachment
        };

        std::vector dynamicStates = {
            vk::DynamicState::eViewport,
            vk::DynamicState::eScissor
        };
        vk::PipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo dynamicState{ .dynamicStateCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(dynamicStates.size()), .pDynamicStates = dynamicStates.data() };

        vk::PipelineLayoutCreateInfo pipelineLayoutInfo{  .setLayoutCount = 1, .pSetLayouts = &*descriptorSetLayout, .pushConstantRangeCount = 0 };

        pipelineLayout = vk::raii::PipelineLayout(device, pipelineLayoutInfo);

        vk::Format depthFormat = findDepthFormat();
        vk::PipelineRenderingCreateInfo pipelineRenderingCreateInfo{
            .colorAttachmentCount = 1,
            .pColorAttachmentFormats = &swapChainSurfaceFormat.format,
            .depthAttachmentFormat = depthFormat
        };
        vk::GraphicsPipelineCreateInfo pipelineInfo{ .pNext = &pipelineRenderingCreateInfo,
            .stageCount = 2,
            .pStages = shaderStages,
            .pVertexInputState = &vertexInputInfo,
            .pInputAssemblyState = &inputAssembly,
            .pViewportState = &viewportState,
            .pRasterizationState = &rasterizer,
            .pMultisampleState = &multisampling,
            .pDepthStencilState = &depthStencil,
            .pColorBlendState = &colorBlending,
            .pDynamicState = &dynamicState,
            .layout = pipelineLayout,
            .renderPass = nullptr
        };

        graphicsPipeline = vk::raii::Pipeline(device, nullptr, pipelineInfo);
    }

    void createCommandPool() {
        vk::CommandPoolCreateInfo poolInfo{
            .flags = vk::CommandPoolCreateFlagBits::eResetCommandBuffer,
            .queueFamilyIndex = queueIndex
        };
        commandPool = vk::raii::CommandPool(device, poolInfo);
    }

    void createDepthResources() {
        vk::Format depthFormat = findDepthFormat();

        createImage(swapChainExtent.width, swapChainExtent.height, 1, depthFormat, vk::ImageTiling::eOptimal, vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eDepthStencilAttachment, vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eDeviceLocal, depthImage, depthImageMemory);
        depthImageView = createImageView(depthImage, depthFormat, vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eDepth, 1);
    }

    vk::Format findSupportedFormat(const std::vector<vk::Format>& candidates, vk::ImageTiling tiling, vk::FormatFeatureFlags features) const {
        for (const auto format : candidates) {
            vk::FormatProperties props = physicalDevice.getFormatProperties(format);

            if (tiling == vk::ImageTiling::eLinear && (props.linearTilingFeatures & features) == features) {
                return format;
            }
            if (tiling == vk::ImageTiling::eOptimal && (props.optimalTilingFeatures & features) == features) {
                return format;
            }
        }

        throw std::runtime_error("failed to find supported format!");
    }

    [[nodiscard]] vk::Format findDepthFormat() const {
        return findSupportedFormat(
        {vk::Format::eD32Sfloat, vk::Format::eD32SfloatS8Uint, vk::Format::eD24UnormS8Uint},
            vk::ImageTiling::eOptimal,
            vk::FormatFeatureFlagBits::eDepthStencilAttachment
        );
    }

    static bool hasStencilComponent(vk::Format format) {
        return format == vk::Format::eD32SfloatS8Uint || format == vk::Format::eD24UnormS8Uint;
    }

    void createTextureImage() {
        int texWidth, texHeight, texChannels;
        stbi_uc* pixels = stbi_load(TEXTURE_PATH.c_str(), &texWidth, &texHeight, &texChannels, STBI_rgb_alpha);
        vk::DeviceSize imageSize = texWidth * texHeight * 4;
        mipLevels = static_cast<uint32_t>(std::floor(std::log2(std::max(texWidth, texHeight)))) + 1;

        if (!pixels) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to load texture image!");
        }

        vk::raii::Buffer stagingBuffer({});
        vk::raii::DeviceMemory stagingBufferMemory({});
        createBuffer(imageSize, vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eTransferSrc, vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eHostVisible | vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eHostCoherent, stagingBuffer, stagingBufferMemory);

        void* data = stagingBufferMemory.mapMemory(0, imageSize);
        memcpy(data, pixels, imageSize);
        stagingBufferMemory.unmapMemory();

        stbi_image_free(pixels);

        createImage(texWidth, texHeight, mipLevels, vk::Format::eR8G8B8A8Srgb, vk::ImageTiling::eOptimal,  vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eTransferSrc | vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eTransferDst | vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eSampled, vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eDeviceLocal, textureImage, textureImageMemory);

        transitionImageLayout(textureImage, vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined, vk::ImageLayout::eTransferDstOptimal, mipLevels);
        copyBufferToImage(stagingBuffer, textureImage, static_cast<uint32_t>(texWidth), static_cast<uint32_t>(texHeight));

        generateMipmaps(textureImage, vk::Format::eR8G8B8A8Srgb, texWidth, texHeight, mipLevels);
    }

    void generateMipmaps(vk::raii::Image& image, vk::Format imageFormat, int32_t texWidth, int32_t texHeight, uint32_t mipLevels) {
        // Check if image format supports linear blit-ing
        vk::FormatProperties formatProperties = physicalDevice.getFormatProperties(imageFormat);

        if (!(formatProperties.optimalTilingFeatures & vk::FormatFeatureFlagBits::eSampledImageFilterLinear)) {
            throw std::runtime_error("texture image format does not support linear blitting!");
        }

        std::unique_ptr<vk::raii::CommandBuffer> commandBuffer = beginSingleTimeCommands();

        vk::ImageMemoryBarrier barrier = { .srcAccessMask = vk::AccessFlagBits::eTransferWrite, .dstAccessMask =vk::AccessFlagBits::eTransferRead
                               , .oldLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eTransferDstOptimal, .newLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eTransferSrcOptimal
                               , .srcQueueFamilyIndex = vk::QueueFamilyIgnored, .dstQueueFamilyIndex = vk::QueueFamilyIgnored, .image = image };
        barrier.subresourceRange.aspectMask = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor;
        barrier.subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = 0;
        barrier.subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;
        barrier.subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;

        int32_t mipWidth = texWidth;
        int32_t mipHeight = texHeight;

        for (uint32_t i = 1; i < mipLevels; i++) {
            barrier.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = i - 1;
            barrier.oldLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eTransferDstOptimal;
            barrier.newLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eTransferSrcOptimal;
            barrier.srcAccessMask = vk::AccessFlagBits::eTransferWrite;
            barrier.dstAccessMask = vk::AccessFlagBits::eTransferRead;

            commandBuffer->pipelineBarrier(vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eTransfer, vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eTransfer, {}, {}, {}, barrier);

            vk::ArrayWrapper1D<vk::Offset3D, 2> offsets, dstOffsets;
            offsets[0] = vk::Offset3D(0, 0, 0);
            offsets[1] = vk::Offset3D(mipWidth, mipHeight, 1);
            dstOffsets[0] = vk::Offset3D(0, 0, 0);
            dstOffsets[1] = vk::Offset3D(mipWidth > 1 ? mipWidth / 2 : 1, mipHeight > 1 ? mipHeight / 2 : 1, 1);
            vk::ImageBlit blit = { .srcSubresource = {}, .srcOffsets = offsets,
                                .dstSubresource =  {}, .dstOffsets = dstOffsets };
            blit.srcSubresource = vk::ImageSubresourceLayers( vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor, i - 1, 0, 1);
            blit.dstSubresource = vk::ImageSubresourceLayers( vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor, i, 0, 1);

            commandBuffer->blitImage(image, vk::ImageLayout::eTransferSrcOptimal, image, vk::ImageLayout::eTransferDstOptimal, { blit }, vk::Filter::eLinear);

            barrier.oldLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eTransferSrcOptimal;
            barrier.newLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eShaderReadOnlyOptimal;
            barrier.srcAccessMask = vk::AccessFlagBits::eTransferRead;
            barrier.dstAccessMask = vk::AccessFlagBits::eShaderRead;

            commandBuffer->pipelineBarrier(vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eTransfer, vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eFragmentShader, {}, {}, {}, barrier);

            if (mipWidth > 1) mipWidth /= 2;
            if (mipHeight > 1) mipHeight /= 2;
        }

        barrier.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = mipLevels - 1;
        barrier.oldLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eTransferDstOptimal;
        barrier.newLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eShaderReadOnlyOptimal;
        barrier.srcAccessMask = vk::AccessFlagBits::eTransferWrite;
        barrier.dstAccessMask = vk::AccessFlagBits::eShaderRead;

        commandBuffer->pipelineBarrier(vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eTransfer, vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eFragmentShader, {}, {}, {}, barrier);

        endSingleTimeCommands(*commandBuffer);
    }

    void createTextureImageView() {
        textureImageView = createImageView(textureImage, vk::Format::eR8G8B8A8Srgb, vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor, mipLevels);
    }

    void createTextureSampler() {
        vk::PhysicalDeviceProperties properties = physicalDevice.getProperties();
        vk::SamplerCreateInfo samplerInfo {
            .magFilter = vk::Filter::eLinear,
            .minFilter = vk::Filter::eLinear,
            .mipmapMode = vk::SamplerMipmapMode::eLinear,
            .addressModeU = vk::SamplerAddressMode::eRepeat,
            .addressModeV = vk::SamplerAddressMode::eRepeat,
            .addressModeW = vk::SamplerAddressMode::eRepeat,
            .mipLodBias = 0.0f,
            .anisotropyEnable = vk::True,
            .maxAnisotropy = properties.limits.maxSamplerAnisotropy,
            .compareEnable = vk::False,
            .compareOp = vk::CompareOp::eAlways
        };
        textureSampler = vk::raii::Sampler(device, samplerInfo);
    }

    [[nodiscard]] vk::raii::ImageView createImageView(const vk::raii::Image& image, vk::Format format, vk::ImageAspectFlags aspectFlags, uint32_t mipLevels) const {
        vk::ImageViewCreateInfo viewInfo{
            .image = image,
            .viewType = vk::ImageViewType::e2D,
            .format = format,
            .subresourceRange = { aspectFlags, 0, mipLevels, 0, 1 }
        };
        return vk::raii::ImageView( device, viewInfo );
    }

     void createImage(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint32_t mipLevels, vk::Format format, vk::ImageTiling tiling, vk::ImageUsageFlags usage, vk::MemoryPropertyFlags properties, vk::raii::Image& image, vk::raii::DeviceMemory& imageMemory) {
        vk::ImageCreateInfo imageInfo{
            .imageType = vk::ImageType::e2D,
            .format = format,
            .extent = {width, height, 1},
            .mipLevels = mipLevels,
            .arrayLayers = 1,
            .samples = vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e1,
            .tiling = tiling,
            .usage = usage,
            .sharingMode = vk::SharingMode::eExclusive,
            .initialLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined
        };
        image = vk::raii::Image(device, imageInfo);

        vk::MemoryRequirements memRequirements = image.getMemoryRequirements();
        vk::MemoryAllocateInfo allocInfo{
            .allocationSize = memRequirements.size,
            .memoryTypeIndex = findMemoryType(memRequirements.memoryTypeBits, properties)
        };
        imageMemory = vk::raii::DeviceMemory(device, allocInfo);
        image.bindMemory(imageMemory, 0);
    }

    void transitionImageLayout(const vk::raii::Image& image, const vk::ImageLayout oldLayout, const vk::ImageLayout newLayout, uint32_t mipLevels) {
        const auto commandBuffer = beginSingleTimeCommands();

        vk::ImageMemoryBarrier barrier{
            .oldLayout = oldLayout,
            .newLayout = newLayout,
            .image = image,
            .subresourceRange = { vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor, 0, mipLevels, 0, 1 }
        };

        vk::PipelineStageFlags sourceStage;
        vk::PipelineStageFlags destinationStage;

        if (oldLayout == vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined && newLayout == vk::ImageLayout::eTransferDstOptimal) {
            barrier.srcAccessMask = {};
            barrier.dstAccessMask = vk::AccessFlagBits::eTransferWrite;

            sourceStage = vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eTopOfPipe;
            destinationStage = vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eTransfer;
        } else if (oldLayout == vk::ImageLayout::eTransferDstOptimal && newLayout == vk::ImageLayout::eShaderReadOnlyOptimal) {
            barrier.srcAccessMask =  vk::AccessFlagBits::eTransferWrite;
            barrier.dstAccessMask =  vk::AccessFlagBits::eShaderRead;

            sourceStage = vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eTransfer;
            destinationStage = vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eFragmentShader;
        } else {
            throw std::invalid_argument("unsupported layout transition!");
        }
        commandBuffer->pipelineBarrier( sourceStage, destinationStage, {}, {}, nullptr, barrier );
        endSingleTimeCommands(*commandBuffer);
    }

    void copyBufferToImage(const vk::raii::Buffer& buffer, const vk::raii::Image& image, uint32_t width, uint32_t height) {
        std::unique_ptr<vk::raii::CommandBuffer> commandBuffer = beginSingleTimeCommands();
        vk::BufferImageCopy region{
            .bufferOffset = 0,
            .bufferRowLength = 0,
            .bufferImageHeight = 0,
            .imageSubresource = { vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor, 0, 0, 1 },
            .imageOffset = {0, 0, 0},
            .imageExtent = {width, height, 1}
        };
        commandBuffer->copyBufferToImage(buffer, image, vk::ImageLayout::eTransferDstOptimal, {region});
        endSingleTimeCommands(*commandBuffer);
    }

    void loadModel() {
        tinyobj::attrib_t attrib;
        std::vector<tinyobj::shape_t> shapes;
        std::vector<tinyobj::material_t> materials;
        std::string warn, err;

        if (!LoadObj(&attrib, &shapes, &materials, &warn, &err, MODEL_PATH.c_str())) {
            throw std::runtime_error(warn + err);
        }

        std::unordered_map<Vertex, uint32_t> uniqueVertices{};

        for (const auto& shape : shapes) {
            for (const auto& index : shape.mesh.indices) {
                Vertex vertex{};

                vertex.pos = {
                    attrib.vertices[3 * index.vertex_index + 0],
                    attrib.vertices[3 * index.vertex_index + 1],
                    attrib.vertices[3 * index.vertex_index + 2]
                };

                vertex.texCoord = {
                    attrib.texcoords[2 * index.texcoord_index + 0],
                    1.0f - attrib.texcoords[2 * index.texcoord_index + 1]
                };

                vertex.color = {1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f};

                if (!uniqueVertices.contains(vertex)) {
                    uniqueVertices[vertex] = static_cast<uint32_t>(vertices.size());
                    vertices.push_back(vertex);
                }

                indices.push_back(uniqueVertices[vertex]);
            }
        }
    }

    void createVertexBuffer() {
        vk::DeviceSize bufferSize = sizeof(vertices[0]) * vertices.size();
        vk::raii::Buffer stagingBuffer({});
        vk::raii::DeviceMemory stagingBufferMemory({});
        createBuffer(bufferSize, vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eTransferSrc, vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eHostVisible | vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eHostCoherent, stagingBuffer, stagingBufferMemory);

        void* dataStaging = stagingBufferMemory.mapMemory(0, bufferSize);
        memcpy(dataStaging, vertices.data(), bufferSize);
        stagingBufferMemory.unmapMemory();

        createBuffer(bufferSize, vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eTransferDst | vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eVertexBuffer, vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eDeviceLocal, vertexBuffer, vertexBufferMemory);

        copyBuffer(stagingBuffer, vertexBuffer, bufferSize);
    }

    void createIndexBuffer() {
        vk::DeviceSize bufferSize = sizeof(indices[0]) * indices.size();

        vk::raii::Buffer stagingBuffer({});
        vk::raii::DeviceMemory stagingBufferMemory({});
        createBuffer(bufferSize, vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eTransferSrc, vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eHostVisible | vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eHostCoherent, stagingBuffer, stagingBufferMemory);

        void* data = stagingBufferMemory.mapMemory(0, bufferSize);
        memcpy(data, indices.data(), bufferSize);
        stagingBufferMemory.unmapMemory();

        createBuffer(bufferSize, vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eTransferDst | vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eIndexBuffer, vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eDeviceLocal, indexBuffer, indexBufferMemory);

        copyBuffer(stagingBuffer, indexBuffer, bufferSize);
    }

    void createUniformBuffers() {
        uniformBuffers.clear();
        uniformBuffersMemory.clear();
        uniformBuffersMapped.clear();

        for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++) {
            vk::DeviceSize bufferSize = sizeof(UniformBufferObject);
            vk::raii::Buffer buffer({});
            vk::raii::DeviceMemory bufferMem({});
            createBuffer(bufferSize, vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eUniformBuffer, vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eHostVisible | vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eHostCoherent, buffer, bufferMem);
            uniformBuffers.emplace_back(std::move(buffer));
            uniformBuffersMemory.emplace_back(std::move(bufferMem));
            uniformBuffersMapped.emplace_back( uniformBuffersMemory[i].mapMemory(0, bufferSize));
        }
    }

    void createDescriptorPool() {
        std::array poolSize {
            vk::DescriptorPoolSize( vk::DescriptorType::eUniformBuffer, MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT),
            vk::DescriptorPoolSize(  vk::DescriptorType::eCombinedImageSampler, MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT)
        };
        vk::DescriptorPoolCreateInfo poolInfo{
            .flags = vk::DescriptorPoolCreateFlagBits::eFreeDescriptorSet,
            .maxSets = MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT,
            .poolSizeCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(poolSize.size()),
            .pPoolSizes = poolSize.data()
        };
        descriptorPool = vk::raii::DescriptorPool(device, poolInfo);
    }

    void createDescriptorSets() {
        std::vector<vk::DescriptorSetLayout> layouts(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT, descriptorSetLayout);
        vk::DescriptorSetAllocateInfo allocInfo{
            .descriptorPool = descriptorPool,
            .descriptorSetCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(layouts.size()),
            .pSetLayouts = layouts.data()
        };

        descriptorSets.clear();
        descriptorSets = device.allocateDescriptorSets(allocInfo);

        for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++) {
            vk::DescriptorBufferInfo bufferInfo{
                .buffer = uniformBuffers[i],
                .offset = 0,
                .range = sizeof(UniformBufferObject)
            };
            vk::DescriptorImageInfo imageInfo{
                .sampler = textureSampler,
                .imageView = textureImageView,
                .imageLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eShaderReadOnlyOptimal
            };
            std::array descriptorWrites{
                vk::WriteDescriptorSet{
                    .dstSet = descriptorSets[i],
                    .dstBinding = 0,
                    .dstArrayElement = 0,
                    .descriptorCount = 1,
                    .descriptorType = vk::DescriptorType::eUniformBuffer,
                    .pBufferInfo = &bufferInfo
                },
                vk::WriteDescriptorSet{
                    .dstSet = descriptorSets[i],
                    .dstBinding = 1,
                    .dstArrayElement = 0,
                    .descriptorCount = 1,
                    .descriptorType = vk::DescriptorType::eCombinedImageSampler,
                    .pImageInfo = &imageInfo
                }
            };
            device.updateDescriptorSets(descriptorWrites, {});
        }
    }

    void createBuffer(vk::DeviceSize size, vk::BufferUsageFlags usage, vk::MemoryPropertyFlags properties, vk::raii::Buffer& buffer, vk::raii::DeviceMemory& bufferMemory) {
        vk::BufferCreateInfo bufferInfo{
            .size = size,
            .usage = usage,
            .sharingMode = vk::SharingMode::eExclusive
        };
        buffer = vk::raii::Buffer(device, bufferInfo);
        vk::MemoryRequirements memRequirements = buffer.getMemoryRequirements();
        vk::MemoryAllocateInfo allocInfo{
            .allocationSize = memRequirements.size,
            .memoryTypeIndex = findMemoryType(memRequirements.memoryTypeBits, properties)
        };
        bufferMemory = vk::raii::DeviceMemory(device, allocInfo);
        buffer.bindMemory(bufferMemory, 0);
    }

    std::unique_ptr<vk::raii::CommandBuffer> beginSingleTimeCommands() {
        vk::CommandBufferAllocateInfo allocInfo{
            .commandPool = commandPool,
            .level = vk::CommandBufferLevel::ePrimary,
            .commandBufferCount = 1
        };
        std::unique_ptr<vk::raii::CommandBuffer> commandBuffer = std::make_unique<vk::raii::CommandBuffer>(std::move(vk::raii::CommandBuffers(device, allocInfo).front()));

        vk::CommandBufferBeginInfo beginInfo{
            .flags = vk::CommandBufferUsageFlagBits::eOneTimeSubmit
        };
        commandBuffer->begin(beginInfo);

        return commandBuffer;
    }

    void endSingleTimeCommands(const vk::raii::CommandBuffer& commandBuffer) const {
        commandBuffer.end();

        vk::SubmitInfo submitInfo{ .commandBufferCount = 1, .pCommandBuffers = &*commandBuffer };
        queue.submit(submitInfo, nullptr);
        queue.waitIdle();
    }

    void copyBuffer(vk::raii::Buffer & srcBuffer, vk::raii::Buffer & dstBuffer, vk::DeviceSize size) {
        vk::CommandBufferAllocateInfo allocInfo{ .commandPool = commandPool, .level = vk::CommandBufferLevel::ePrimary, .commandBufferCount = 1 };
        vk::raii::CommandBuffer commandCopyBuffer = std::move(device.allocateCommandBuffers(allocInfo).front());
        commandCopyBuffer.begin(vk::CommandBufferBeginInfo{ .flags = vk::CommandBufferUsageFlagBits::eOneTimeSubmit });
        commandCopyBuffer.copyBuffer(*srcBuffer, *dstBuffer, vk::BufferCopy{ .size = size });
        commandCopyBuffer.end();
        queue.submit(vk::SubmitInfo{ .commandBufferCount = 1, .pCommandBuffers = &*commandCopyBuffer }, nullptr);
        queue.waitIdle();
    }

    uint32_t findMemoryType(uint32_t typeFilter, vk::MemoryPropertyFlags properties) {
        vk::PhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties memProperties = physicalDevice.getMemoryProperties();

        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < memProperties.memoryTypeCount; i++) {
            if ((typeFilter & (1 << i)) && (memProperties.memoryTypes[i].propertyFlags & properties) == properties) {
                return i;
            }
        }

        throw std::runtime_error("failed to find suitable memory type!");
    }

    void createCommandBuffers() {
        commandBuffers.clear();
        vk::CommandBufferAllocateInfo allocInfo{ .commandPool = commandPool, .level = vk::CommandBufferLevel::ePrimary,
                                                 .commandBufferCount = MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT };
        commandBuffers = vk::raii::CommandBuffers(device, allocInfo);
    }

    void recordCommandBuffer(uint32_t imageIndex) {
        commandBuffers[currentFrame].begin({});
        // Before starting rendering, transition the swapchain image to COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL
        transition_image_layout(
            imageIndex,
            vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined,
            vk::ImageLayout::eColorAttachmentOptimal,
            {},                                                     // srcAccessMask (no need to wait for previous operations)
            vk::AccessFlagBits2::eColorAttachmentWrite,                // dstAccessMask
            vk::PipelineStageFlagBits2::eTopOfPipe,                   // srcStage
            vk::PipelineStageFlagBits2::eColorAttachmentOutput        // dstStage
        );
        // Transition depth image to depth attachment optimal layout
        vk::ImageMemoryBarrier2 depthBarrier = {
            .srcStageMask = vk::PipelineStageFlagBits2::eTopOfPipe,
            .srcAccessMask = {},
            .dstStageMask = vk::PipelineStageFlagBits2::eEarlyFragmentTests | vk::PipelineStageFlagBits2::eLateFragmentTests,
            .dstAccessMask = vk::AccessFlagBits2::eDepthStencilAttachmentRead | vk::AccessFlagBits2::eDepthStencilAttachmentWrite,
            .oldLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined,
            .newLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eDepthStencilAttachmentOptimal,
            .srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
            .dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
            .image = depthImage,
            .subresourceRange = {
                .aspectMask = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eDepth,
                .baseMipLevel = 0,
                .levelCount = 1,
                .baseArrayLayer = 0,
                .layerCount = 1
            }
        };
        vk::DependencyInfo depthDependencyInfo = {
            .dependencyFlags = {},
            .imageMemoryBarrierCount = 1,
            .pImageMemoryBarriers = &depthBarrier
        };
        commandBuffers[currentFrame].pipelineBarrier2(depthDependencyInfo);

        vk::ClearValue clearColor = vk::ClearColorValue(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
        vk::ClearValue clearDepth = vk::ClearDepthStencilValue(1.0f, 0);

        vk::RenderingAttachmentInfo colorAttachmentInfo = {
            .imageView = swapChainImageViews[imageIndex],
            .imageLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eColorAttachmentOptimal,
            .loadOp = vk::AttachmentLoadOp::eClear,
            .storeOp = vk::AttachmentStoreOp::eStore,
            .clearValue = clearColor
        };

        vk::RenderingAttachmentInfo depthAttachmentInfo = {
            .imageView = depthImageView,
            .imageLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eDepthStencilAttachmentOptimal,
            .loadOp = vk::AttachmentLoadOp::eClear,
            .storeOp = vk::AttachmentStoreOp::eDontCare,
            .clearValue = clearDepth
        };

        vk::RenderingInfo renderingInfo = {
            .renderArea = { .offset = { 0, 0 }, .extent = swapChainExtent },
            .layerCount = 1,
            .colorAttachmentCount = 1,
            .pColorAttachments = &colorAttachmentInfo,
            .pDepthAttachment = &depthAttachmentInfo
        };
        commandBuffers[currentFrame].beginRendering(renderingInfo);
        commandBuffers[currentFrame].bindPipeline(vk::PipelineBindPoint::eGraphics, *graphicsPipeline);
        commandBuffers[currentFrame].setViewport(0, vk::Viewport(0.0f, 0.0f, static_cast<float>(swapChainExtent.width), static_cast<float>(swapChainExtent.height), 0.0f, 1.0f));
        commandBuffers[currentFrame].setScissor(0, vk::Rect2D(vk::Offset2D(0, 0), swapChainExtent));
        commandBuffers[currentFrame].bindVertexBuffers(0, *vertexBuffer, {0});
        commandBuffers[currentFrame].bindIndexBuffer( *indexBuffer, 0, vk::IndexType::eUint32 );
        commandBuffers[currentFrame].bindDescriptorSets(vk::PipelineBindPoint::eGraphics, pipelineLayout, 0, *descriptorSets[currentFrame], nullptr);
        commandBuffers[currentFrame].drawIndexed(indices.size(), 1, 0, 0, 0);
        commandBuffers[currentFrame].endRendering();
        // After rendering, transition the swapchain image to PRESENT_SRC
        transition_image_layout(
            imageIndex,
            vk::ImageLayout::eColorAttachmentOptimal,
            vk::ImageLayout::ePresentSrcKHR,
            vk::AccessFlagBits2::eColorAttachmentWrite,                 // srcAccessMask
            {},                                                      // dstAccessMask
            vk::PipelineStageFlagBits2::eColorAttachmentOutput,        // srcStage
            vk::PipelineStageFlagBits2::eBottomOfPipe                  // dstStage
        );
        commandBuffers[currentFrame].end();
    }

    void transition_image_layout(
        uint32_t imageIndex,
        vk::ImageLayout old_layout,
        vk::ImageLayout new_layout,
        vk::AccessFlags2 src_access_mask,
        vk::AccessFlags2 dst_access_mask,
        vk::PipelineStageFlags2 src_stage_mask,
        vk::PipelineStageFlags2 dst_stage_mask
        ) {
        vk::ImageMemoryBarrier2 barrier = {
            .srcStageMask = src_stage_mask,
            .srcAccessMask = src_access_mask,
            .dstStageMask = dst_stage_mask,
            .dstAccessMask = dst_access_mask,
            .oldLayout = old_layout,
            .newLayout = new_layout,
            .srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
            .dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
            .image = swapChainImages[imageIndex],
            .subresourceRange = {
                .aspectMask = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor,
                .baseMipLevel = 0,
                .levelCount = 1,
                .baseArrayLayer = 0,
                .layerCount = 1
            }
        };
        vk::DependencyInfo dependency_info = {
            .dependencyFlags = {},
            .imageMemoryBarrierCount = 1,
            .pImageMemoryBarriers = &barrier
        };
        commandBuffers[currentFrame].pipelineBarrier2(dependency_info);
    }

    void createSyncObjects() {
        presentCompleteSemaphore.clear();
        renderFinishedSemaphore.clear();
        inFlightFences.clear();

        for (size_t i = 0; i < swapChainImages.size(); i++) {
            presentCompleteSemaphore.emplace_back(device, vk::SemaphoreCreateInfo());
            renderFinishedSemaphore.emplace_back(device, vk::SemaphoreCreateInfo());
        }


        for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++) {
            inFlightFences.emplace_back(device, vk::FenceCreateInfo{ .flags = vk::FenceCreateFlagBits::eSignaled });
        }
    }

    void updateUniformBuffer(uint32_t currentImage) const {
        static auto startTime = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();

        auto currentTime = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
        float time = std::chrono::duration<float>(currentTime - startTime).count();

        UniformBufferObject ubo{};
        ubo.model = rotate(glm::mat4(1.0f), time * glm::radians(90.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));
        ubo.view = lookAt(glm::vec3(2.0f, 2.0f, 2.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));
        ubo.proj = glm::perspective(glm::radians(45.0f), static_cast<float>(swapChainExtent.width) / static_cast<float>(swapChainExtent.height), 0.1f, 10.0f);
        ubo.proj[1][1] *= -1;

        memcpy(uniformBuffersMapped[currentImage], &ubo, sizeof(ubo));
    }

    void drawFrame() {
        while ( vk::Result::eTimeout == device.waitForFences( *inFlightFences[currentFrame], vk::True, UINT64_MAX ) )
            ;
        auto [result, imageIndex] = swapChain.acquireNextImage( UINT64_MAX, *presentCompleteSemaphore[semaphoreIndex], nullptr );

        if (result == vk::Result::eErrorOutOfDateKHR) {
            recreateSwapChain();
            return;
        }
        if (result != vk::Result::eSuccess && result != vk::Result::eSuboptimalKHR) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to acquire swap chain image!");
        }
        updateUniformBuffer(currentFrame);

        device.resetFences(  *inFlightFences[currentFrame] );
        commandBuffers[currentFrame].reset();
        recordCommandBuffer(imageIndex);

        vk::PipelineStageFlags waitDestinationStageMask( vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eColorAttachmentOutput );
        const vk::SubmitInfo submitInfo{ .waitSemaphoreCount = 1, .pWaitSemaphores = &*presentCompleteSemaphore[semaphoreIndex],
                            .pWaitDstStageMask = &waitDestinationStageMask, .commandBufferCount = 1, .pCommandBuffers = &*commandBuffers[currentFrame],
                            .signalSemaphoreCount = 1, .pSignalSemaphores = &*renderFinishedSemaphore[imageIndex] };
        queue.submit(submitInfo, *inFlightFences[currentFrame]);


        const vk::PresentInfoKHR presentInfoKHR{ .waitSemaphoreCount = 1, .pWaitSemaphores = &*renderFinishedSemaphore[imageIndex],
                                                .swapchainCount = 1, .pSwapchains = &*swapChain, .pImageIndices = &imageIndex };
        result = queue.presentKHR(presentInfoKHR);
        if (result == vk::Result::eErrorOutOfDateKHR || result == vk::Result::eSuboptimalKHR || framebufferResized) {
            framebufferResized = false;
            recreateSwapChain();
        } else if (result != vk::Result::eSuccess) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to present swap chain image!");
        }
        semaphoreIndex = (semaphoreIndex + 1) % presentCompleteSemaphore.size();
        currentFrame = (currentFrame + 1) % MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT;
    }

    [[nodiscard]] vk::raii::ShaderModule createShaderModule(const std::vector<char>& code) const {
        vk::ShaderModuleCreateInfo createInfo{ .codeSize = code.size(), .pCode = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(code.data()) };
        vk::raii::ShaderModule shaderModule{ device, createInfo };

        return shaderModule;
    }

    static uint32_t chooseSwapMinImageCount(vk::SurfaceCapabilitiesKHR const & surfaceCapabilities) {
        auto minImageCount = std::max( 3u, surfaceCapabilities.minImageCount );
        if ((0 < surfaceCapabilities.maxImageCount) && (surfaceCapabilities.maxImageCount < minImageCount)) {
            minImageCount = surfaceCapabilities.maxImageCount;
        }
        return minImageCount;
    }

    static vk::SurfaceFormatKHR chooseSwapSurfaceFormat(const std::vector<vk::SurfaceFormatKHR>& availableFormats) {
        assert(!availableFormats.empty());
        const auto formatIt = std::ranges::find_if(
            availableFormats,
            []( const auto & format ) { return format.format == vk::Format::eB8G8R8A8Srgb && format.colorSpace == vk::ColorSpaceKHR::eSrgbNonlinear; } );
        return formatIt != availableFormats.end() ? *formatIt : availableFormats[0];
    }

    static vk::PresentModeKHR chooseSwapPresentMode(const std::vector<vk::PresentModeKHR>& availablePresentModes) {
        assert(std::ranges::any_of(availablePresentModes, [](auto presentMode){ return presentMode == vk::PresentModeKHR::eFifo; }));
        return std::ranges::any_of(availablePresentModes,
            [](const vk::PresentModeKHR value) { return vk::PresentModeKHR::eMailbox == value; } ) ? vk::PresentModeKHR::eMailbox : vk::PresentModeKHR::eFifo;
    }

    [[nodiscard]] vk::Extent2D chooseSwapExtent(const vk::SurfaceCapabilitiesKHR& capabilities) const {
        if (capabilities.currentExtent.width != 0xFFFFFFFF) {
            return capabilities.currentExtent;
        }
            int width, height;
            glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &width, &height);

            return {
                std::clamp<uint32_t>(width, capabilities.minImageExtent.width, capabilities.maxImageExtent.width),
                std::clamp<uint32_t>(height, capabilities.minImageExtent.height, capabilities.maxImageExtent.height)
            };
        }

    [[nodiscard]] std::vector<const char*> getRequiredExtensions() const {
        uint32_t glfwExtensionCount = 0;
        auto glfwExtensions = glfwGetRequiredInstanceExtensions(&glfwExtensionCount);

        std::vector extensions(glfwExtensions, glfwExtensions + glfwExtensionCount);
        if (enableValidationLayers) {
            extensions.push_back(vk::EXTDebugUtilsExtensionName );
        }

        return extensions;
    }

    static VKAPI_ATTR vk::Bool32 VKAPI_CALL debugCallback(vk::DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagBitsEXT severity, vk::DebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT type, const vk::DebugUtilsMessengerCallbackDataEXT* pCallbackData, void*) {
        if (severity == vk::DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagBitsEXT::eError || severity == vk::DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagBitsEXT::eWarning) {
            std::cerr << "validation layer: type " << to_string(type) << " msg: " << pCallbackData->pMessage << std::endl;
        }

        return vk::False;
    }

    static std::vector<char> readFile(const std::string& filename) {
        std::ifstream file(filename, std::ios::ate | std::ios::binary);
        if (!file.is_open()) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to open file!");
        }
        std::vector<char> buffer(file.tellg());
        file.seekg(0, std::ios::beg);
        file.read(buffer.data(), static_cast<std::streamsize>(buffer.size()));
        file.close();
        return buffer;
    }
};

int main() {
    try {
        HelloTriangleApplication app;
        app.run();
    } catch (const std::exception& e) {
        std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl;
        return EXIT_FAILURE;
    }

    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}