ci: Edit Dockerfile.petsc and add docker-petsc.yml #8919

Job	Run time
pytest-ubuntu-py311-gcc11-cxxnoomp-base	42m 10s
pytest-ubuntu-py312-gcc12-cxxomp-adjoint	37m 10s
pytest-ubuntu-py310-gcc14-omp-adjoint	30m 6s
pytest-ubuntu-py311-gcc11-cxxnoomp-adjoint	30m 15s
pytest-ubuntu-py312-gcc12-cxxomp-base	53m 35s
pytest-ubuntu-py311-gcc10-noomp-adjoint	27m 25s
pytest-ubuntu-py310-gcc14-omp-base	42m 27s
pytest-docker-py310-gcc-omp-adjoint	25m 31s
pytest-osx-py312-clang-omp-base	33m 1s
pytest-ubuntu-py310-gcc9-omp-base	41m 31s
pytest-ubuntu-py311-gcc10-noomp-base	38m 59s
pytest-ubuntu-py310-gcc9-omp-adjoint	29m 4s
pytest-docker-py310-gcc-omp-arm64-adjoint	22m 16s
pytest-docker-py310-icx-omp-base	26m 53s
pytest-docker-py310-icx-omp-adjoint	25m 55s
pytest-ubuntu-py312-gcc13-omp-base	48m 48s
pytest-ubuntu-py312-gcc13-omp-adjoint	33m 6s
pytest-docker-py310-gcc-omp-base	35m 51s
pytest-ubuntu-py313-gcc14-omp-base	50m 48s
pytest-docker-py310-gcc-omp-arm64-base	29m 7s
pytest-ubuntu-py313-gcc14-omp-adjoint	35m 22s
	12h 19m 20s

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