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<!doctype html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta name="generator" content="Asciidoctor 2.0.23">
<meta name="description" content="The modular micro web framework for Java">
<meta name="keywords" content="Java, Modern, Micro, Web, Framework, Reactive, Lightweight, Microservices">
<link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="images/favicon96.png">
<title>jooby: do more! more easily!!</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="js/styles/theme.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="js/styles/atom-one-dark.min.css">
<meta name="algolia-site-verification" content="B92EF92B303805F4">
<link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com">
<link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/@docsearch/css@3">
<link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=JetBrains+Mono:wght@400;500;600&display=swap" rel="stylesheet">
<script>
// This MUST be in the <head>. It runs before the body is rendered, preventing the white flash.
(function() {
const savedTheme = localStorage.getItem('jooby-theme');
if (savedTheme === 'dark' || (!savedTheme && window.matchMedia('(prefers-color-scheme: dark)').matches)) {
document.documentElement.setAttribute('data-theme', 'dark');
}
})();
</script>
</head>
<body class="book toc2 toc-left">
<div class="mobile-nav-bar">
<span style="font-weight: 700; color: var(--heading-color);">Jooby</span>
<button id="menu-toggle" class="hamburger" aria-label="Toggle Menu">
<span></span><span></span><span></span>
</button>
</div>
<div id="header">
<div id="toc" class="toc2">
<div id="toctitle">Table of Contents</div>
<ul class="sectlevel1">
<li><a href="#getting-started">Getting Started</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#getting-started-introduction">Introduction</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#getting-started-introduction-script-api">Script API</a></li>
<li><a href="#getting-started-introduction-mvc-api">MVC API</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#getting-started-quick-start">Quick Start</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#getting-started-quick-start-installing-the-cli">Installing the CLI</a></li>
<li><a href="#getting-started-quick-start-creating-a-project">Creating a Project</a></li>
<li><a href="#getting-started-quick-start-understanding-code-snippets">Understanding Code Snippets</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#core">Core</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#core-router">Router</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#core-router-route">Route</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="#core-router-route-attributes">Attributes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#core-router-path-pattern">Path Pattern</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="#core-router-path-pattern-static">Static</a></li>
<li><a href="#core-router-path-pattern-variable">Variable</a></li>
<li><a href="#core-router-path-pattern-regex">Regex</a></li>
<li><a href="#core-router-path-pattern-catchall">* Catchall</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#core-router-handler">Handler</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="#core-router-handler-filter">Filter</a></li>
<li><a href="#core-router-handler-before">Before</a></li>
<li><a href="#core-router-handler-after">After</a></li>
<li><a href="#core-router-handler-complete">Complete</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#core-router-pipeline">Pipeline</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="#core-router-pipeline-order">Order</a></li>
<li><a href="#core-router-pipeline-scoped-filter">Scoped Filter</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#core-router-grouping-routes">Grouping Routes</a></li>
<li><a href="#core-router-composing">Composing</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="#core-router-composing-mount">Mount</a></li>
<li><a href="#core-router-composing-install">Install</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#core-router-dynamic-routing">Dynamic Routing</a></li>
<li><a href="#core-router-multiple-routers">Multiple Routers</a></li>
<li><a href="#core-router-options">Options</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="#core-router-options-routing">Routing</a></li>
<li><a href="#core-router-options-hidden-method">Hidden Method</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#core-context">Context</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#core-context-parameters">Parameters</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="#core-context-parameters-header">Header</a></li>
<li><a href="#core-context-parameters-cookie">Cookie</a></li>
<li><a href="#core-context-parameters-path">Path</a></li>
<li><a href="#core-context-parameters-query">Query</a></li>
<li><a href="#core-context-parameters-formdata">Formdata</a></li>
<li><a href="#core-context-parameters-multipart-file-uploads">Multipart & File Uploads</a></li>
<li><a href="#core-context-parameters-session">Session</a></li>
<li><a href="#core-context-parameters-flash">Flash</a></li>
<li><a href="#core-context-parameters-parameter-lookup">Parameter Lookup</a></li>
<li><a href="#core-context-parameters-client-certificates">Client Certificates</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#core-context-value-api">Value API</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="#core-context-value-api-single-value">Single value</a></li>
<li><a href="#core-context-value-api-default-and-optional-value">Default and Optional value</a></li>
<li><a href="#core-context-value-api-multiple-values">Multiple values</a></li>
<li><a href="#core-context-value-api-structured-data">Structured data</a>
<ul class="sectlevel5">
<li><a href="#core-context-value-api-structured-data-syntax">Syntax</a></li>
<li><a href="#core-context-value-api-structured-data-pojo-binding">POJO Binding</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#core-context-value-api-value-factory">Value Factory</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#core-context-request-body">Request Body</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="#core-context-request-body-message-decoder">Message Decoder</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#core-context-response-body">Response Body</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="#core-context-response-body-message-encoder">Message Encoder</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#core-responses">Responses</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#core-responses-raw">Raw</a></li>
<li><a href="#core-responses-projections">Projections</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="#core-responses-projections-basic-usage">Basic Usage</a></li>
<li><a href="#core-responses-projections-comparison-with-jsonview">Comparison with @JsonView</a></li>
<li><a href="#core-responses-projections-projection-dsl">Projection DSL</a></li>
<li><a href="#core-responses-projections-validation">Validation</a></li>
<li><a href="#core-responses-projections-more-information">More Information</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#core-responses-streaming-chunked">Streaming / Chunked</a></li>
<li><a href="#core-responses-file-download">File Download</a></li>
<li><a href="#core-responses-nonblocking">NonBlocking</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="#core-responses-nonblocking-completablefuture">CompletableFuture</a></li>
<li><a href="#core-responses-nonblocking-mutiny">Mutiny</a></li>
<li><a href="#core-responses-nonblocking-rxjava">RxJava</a></li>
<li><a href="#core-responses-nonblocking-reactor">Reactor</a></li>
<li><a href="#core-responses-nonblocking-kotlin-coroutines">Kotlin Coroutines</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#core-responses-send-methods">Send Methods</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#core-built-in-handlers">Built-in Handlers</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#core-built-in-handlers-accessloghandler">AccessLogHandler</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="#core-built-in-handlers-accessloghandler-custom-headers">Custom Headers</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#core-built-in-handlers-corshandler">CorsHandler</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="#core-built-in-handlers-corshandler-customizing-cors-options">Customizing CORS Options</a></li>
<li><a href="#core-built-in-handlers-corshandler-configuration-based-cors">Configuration-based CORS</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#core-built-in-handlers-csrfhandler">CsrfHandler</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="#core-built-in-handlers-csrfhandler-usage">Usage</a></li>
<li><a href="#core-built-in-handlers-csrfhandler-token-delivery">Token Delivery</a></li>
<li><a href="#core-built-in-handlers-csrfhandler-customization">Customization</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#core-built-in-handlers-gracefulshutdownhandler">GracefulShutdownHandler</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="#core-built-in-handlers-gracefulshutdownhandler-timeout">Timeout</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#core-built-in-handlers-headhandler">HeadHandler</a></li>
<li><a href="#core-built-in-handlers-ratelimithandler">RateLimitHandler</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="#core-built-in-handlers-ratelimithandler-basic-usage">Basic Usage</a></li>
<li><a href="#core-built-in-handlers-ratelimithandler-throttling-by-key">Throttling by Key</a></li>
<li><a href="#core-built-in-handlers-ratelimithandler-clustered-rate-limiting">Clustered Rate Limiting</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#core-built-in-handlers-sslhandler">SSLHandler</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="#core-built-in-handlers-sslhandler-customizing-the-host">Customizing the Host</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#core-built-in-handlers-tracehandler">TraceHandler</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#core-error-handler">Error Handler</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#core-error-handler-custom-error-handler">Custom Error Handler</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="#core-error-handler-custom-error-handler-catch-by-code">Catch by Code</a></li>
<li><a href="#core-error-handler-custom-error-handler-catch-by-exception">Catch by Exception</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#core-error-handler-problem-details">Problem Details</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="#core-error-handler-problem-details-setup">Setup</a></li>
<li><a href="#core-error-handler-problem-details-creating-problems">Creating Problems</a>
<ul class="sectlevel5">
<li><a href="#core-error-handler-problem-details-creating-problems-static-helpers">Static Helpers</a></li>
<li><a href="#core-error-handler-problem-details-creating-problems-builder">Builder</a></li>
<li><a href="#core-error-handler-problem-details-creating-problems-extra-parameters">Extra Parameters</a></li>
<li><a href="#core-error-handler-problem-details-creating-problems-custom-headers">Custom Headers</a></li>
<li><a href="#core-error-handler-problem-details-creating-problems-error-details-rfc">Error Details (RFC 9457)</a></li>
<li><a href="#core-error-handler-problem-details-creating-problems-mapping-custom-exceptions">Mapping Custom Exceptions</a></li>
<li><a href="#core-error-handler-problem-details-creating-problems-custom-problem-types">Custom Problem Types</a></li>
<li><a href="#core-error-handler-problem-details-creating-problems-custom-exception-handlers">Custom Exception Handlers</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#core-execution-model">Execution Model</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#core-execution-model-mode">Mode</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="#core-execution-model-mode-event-loop">Event Loop</a></li>
<li><a href="#core-execution-model-mode-worker">Worker</a></li>
<li><a href="#core-execution-model-mode-default">Default</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#core-execution-model-worker-executor">Worker Executor</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#web">Web</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#web-mvc-api">MVC API</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#web-mvc-api-getting-started">Getting Started</a></li>
<li><a href="#web-mvc-api-registration">Registration</a></li>
<li><a href="#web-mvc-api-parameters">Parameters</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="#web-mvc-api-parameters-header">Header</a></li>
<li><a href="#web-mvc-api-parameters-cookie">Cookie</a></li>
<li><a href="#web-mvc-api-parameters-path">Path</a></li>
<li><a href="#web-mvc-api-parameters-query">Query</a></li>
<li><a href="#web-mvc-api-parameters-formdata-multipart">Formdata / Multipart</a></li>
<li><a href="#web-mvc-api-parameters-request-body">Request Body</a></li>
<li><a href="#web-mvc-api-parameters-bind">Bind</a></li>
<li><a href="#web-mvc-api-parameters-flash">Flash</a></li>
<li><a href="#web-mvc-api-parameters-session">Session</a></li>
<li><a href="#web-mvc-api-parameters-context">Context</a></li>
<li><a href="#web-mvc-api-parameters-multiple-sources">Multiple Sources</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#web-mvc-api-responses">Responses</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="#web-mvc-api-responses-projections">Projections</a>
<ul class="sectlevel5">
<li><a href="#web-mvc-api-responses-projections-usage">Usage</a></li>
<li><a href="#web-mvc-api-responses-projections-automatic-wrapping">Automatic Wrapping</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#web-mvc-api-responses-status-code">Status Code</a></li>
<li><a href="#web-mvc-api-responses-nonblocking">NonBlocking</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#web-mvc-api-execution-model">Execution Model</a></li>
<li><a href="#web-mvc-api-jax-rs-annotations">JAX-RS Annotations</a></li>
<li><a href="#web-mvc-api-generated-router">Generated Router</a></li>
<li><a href="#web-mvc-api-annotation-processor-options">Annotation Processor Options</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="#web-mvc-api-annotation-processor-options-setting-options">Setting Options</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#web-templates">Templates</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#web-templates-template-engine">Template Engine</a></li>
<li><a href="#web-templates-view-model">View Model</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#web-session">Session</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#web-session-in-memory-session">In-Memory Session</a></li>
<li><a href="#web-session-signed-session">Signed Session</a></li>
<li><a href="#web-session-additional-stores">Additional Stores</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#web-server-sent-events">Server-Sent Events</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#web-server-sent-events-message-options">Message Options</a></li>
<li><a href="#web-server-sent-events-connection-lost">Connection Lost</a></li>
<li><a href="#web-server-sent-events-keep-alive">Keep Alive</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#web-websockets">WebSockets</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#web-websockets-structured-data">Structured Data</a></li>
<li><a href="#web-websockets-options">Options</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="#web-websockets-options-connection-timeouts">Connection Timeouts</a></li>
<li><a href="#web-websockets-options-max-size">Max Size</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#ecosystem">Ecosystem</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#ecosystem-services-and-the-registry">Services and the Registry</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#ecosystem-services-and-the-registry-collections-of-services">Collections of Services</a></li>
<li><a href="#ecosystem-services-and-the-registry-dependency-injection-di-bridge">Dependency Injection (DI) Bridge</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#ecosystem-extensions">Extensions</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#ecosystem-extensions-writing-a-custom-extension">Writing a Custom Extension</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#ecosystem-modules">Modules</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#ecosystem-modules-ai">AI</a></li>
<li><a href="#ecosystem-modules-cloud">Cloud</a></li>
<li><a href="#ecosystem-modules-data">Data</a></li>
<li><a href="#ecosystem-modules-dependency-injection">Dependency Injection</a></li>
<li><a href="#ecosystem-modules-validation">Validation</a></li>
<li><a href="#ecosystem-modules-development-tools">Development Tools</a></li>
<li><a href="#ecosystem-modules-event-bus">Event Bus</a></li>
<li><a href="#ecosystem-modules-json">JSON</a></li>
<li><a href="#ecosystem-modules-openapi">OpenAPI</a></li>
<li><a href="#ecosystem-modules-template-engine">Template Engine</a></li>
<li><a href="#ecosystem-modules-remote-procedure-calls-rpc">Remote Procedure Calls (RPC)</a></li>
<li><a href="#ecosystem-modules-security">Security</a></li>
<li><a href="#ecosystem-modules-session-store">Session Store</a></li>
<li><a href="#ecosystem-modules-scheduler">Scheduler</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#tooling-and-operations">Tooling and Operations</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#tooling-and-operations-configuration">Configuration</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#tooling-and-operations-configuration-environment">Environment</a></li>
<li><a href="#tooling-and-operations-configuration-default-loading-and-precedence">Default Loading and Precedence</a></li>
<li><a href="#tooling-and-operations-configuration-overrides">Overrides</a></li>
<li><a href="#tooling-and-operations-configuration-multi-environment-configuration">Multi-Environment Configuration</a></li>
<li><a href="#tooling-and-operations-configuration-custom-configuration">Custom Configuration</a></li>
<li><a href="#tooling-and-operations-configuration-logging">Logging</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="#tooling-and-operations-configuration-logging-logback">Logback</a></li>
<li><a href="#tooling-and-operations-configuration-logging-log4j2">Log4j2</a></li>
<li><a href="#tooling-and-operations-configuration-logging-environment-aware-logging">Environment-Aware Logging</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#tooling-and-operations-configuration-application-properties">Application Properties</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#tooling-and-operations-development">Development</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#tooling-and-operations-development-usage">Usage</a></li>
<li><a href="#tooling-and-operations-development-compilation-and-restart">Compilation and Restart</a></li>
<li><a href="#tooling-and-operations-development-options">Options</a></li>
<li><a href="#tooling-and-operations-development-testing-with-classpath">Testing with Classpath</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#tooling-and-operations-testing">Testing</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#tooling-and-operations-testing-unit-testing">Unit Testing</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="#tooling-and-operations-testing-unit-testing-checking-response-metadata">Checking Response Metadata</a></li>
<li><a href="#tooling-and-operations-testing-unit-testing-mocking-the-context">Mocking the Context</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#tooling-and-operations-testing-integration-testing">Integration Testing</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="#tooling-and-operations-testing-integration-testing-injecting-server-details">Injecting Server Details</a></li>
<li><a href="#tooling-and-operations-testing-integration-testing-using-a-factory-method">Using a Factory Method</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#tooling-and-operations-server">Server</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#tooling-and-operations-server-manual-setup">Manual Setup</a></li>
<li><a href="#tooling-and-operations-server-running-multiple-apps">Running Multiple Apps</a></li>
<li><a href="#tooling-and-operations-server-server-options">Server Options</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="#tooling-and-operations-server-server-options-core-settings">Core Settings</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#tooling-and-operations-server-https-support">HTTPS Support</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="#tooling-and-operations-server-https-support-hello-https-self-signed">Hello HTTPS (Self-Signed)</a></li>
<li><a href="#tooling-and-operations-server-https-support-valid-certificates-x-509-pkcs12">Valid Certificates (X.509 & PKCS12)</a></li>
<li><a href="#tooling-and-operations-server-https-support-mutual-tls-client-authentication">Mutual TLS (Client Authentication)</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#tooling-and-operations-server-http2-support">HTTP/2 Support</a></li>
<li><a href="#tooling-and-operations-server-openssl-conscrypt">OpenSSL (Conscrypt)</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#tooling-and-operations-packaging">Packaging</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#tooling-and-operations-packaging-single-jar-fatuber-jar">Single Jar (Fat/Uber Jar)</a></li>
<li><a href="#tooling-and-operations-packaging-stork">Stork</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#appendix">Appendix</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#appendix-upgrading-from-3-x-to-4-x">Upgrading from 3.x to 4.x</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#appendix-upgrading-from-3-x-to-4-x-requirements">Requirements</a></li>
<li><a href="#appendix-upgrading-from-3-x-to-4-x-special-http-names">Special HTTP names</a></li>
<li><a href="#appendix-upgrading-from-3-x-to-4-x-buffer-api">Buffer API</a></li>
<li><a href="#appendix-upgrading-from-3-x-to-4-x-value-api">Value API</a></li>
<li><a href="#appendix-upgrading-from-3-x-to-4-x-session-api">Session API</a></li>
<li><a href="#appendix-upgrading-from-3-x-to-4-x-server-configuration">Server configuration</a></li>
<li><a href="#appendix-upgrading-from-3-x-to-4-x-packages">Packages</a></li>
<li><a href="#appendix-upgrading-from-3-x-to-4-x-classes">Classes</a></li>
<li><a href="#appendix-upgrading-from-3-x-to-4-x-method">Method</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#appendix-upgrading-from-2-x-to-3-x">Upgrading from 2.x to 3.x</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#appendix-upgrading-from-2-x-to-3-x-requirements">Requirements</a></li>
<li><a href="#appendix-upgrading-from-2-x-to-3-x-module-info-java">module-info.java</a></li>
<li><a href="#appendix-upgrading-from-2-x-to-3-x-kotlin">Kotlin</a></li>
<li><a href="#appendix-upgrading-from-2-x-to-3-x-jakarta">jakarta</a></li>
<li><a href="#appendix-upgrading-from-2-x-to-3-x-modules">Modules</a></li>
<li><a href="#appendix-upgrading-from-2-x-to-3-x-package-renames">Package renames</a></li>
<li><a href="#appendix-upgrading-from-2-x-to-3-x-class-renames">Class renames</a></li>
<li><a href="#appendix-upgrading-from-2-x-to-3-x-method-renames">Method renames</a></li>
<li><a href="#appendix-upgrading-from-2-x-to-3-x-dependencies">Dependencies</a></li>
<li><a href="#appendix-upgrading-from-2-x-to-3-x-reactive-support">Reactive support</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#appendix-upgrading-from-1-x-to-2-x">Upgrading from 1.x to 2.x</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#appendix-upgrading-from-1-x-to-2-x-maven-coordinates">Maven coordinates</a></li>
<li><a href="#appendix-upgrading-from-1-x-to-2-x-modules">Modules</a></li>
<li><a href="#appendix-upgrading-from-1-x-to-2-x-api">API</a></li>
<li><a href="#appendix-upgrading-from-1-x-to-2-x-route-pipeline">Route Pipeline</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div id="preamble">
<div class="sectionbody">
<h2 id="do-more-more-easily" class="discrete">∞ do more, more easily</h2>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Jooby is a modular, high-performance web framework for Java and Kotlin. Designed for simplicity and speed, it gives you the freedom to build on your favorite server with a clean, modern API.</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock primary">
<div class="title">Welcome!</div>
<div class="switch"><div class="switch--item option-1 selected">Java</div><div class="switch--item option-2">Kotlin</div></div><div class="content option-1">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-java hljs" data-lang="java" id="x633877f9ec874394">import io.jooby.Jooby;
public class App extends Jooby {
{
get("/", ctx -> "Welcome to Jooby!");
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
runApp(args, App::new);
}
}</code><button class="clipboard" data-clipboard-target="#x633877f9ec874394"><img src="/images/clippy.svg" class="clippy" width="13" alt="Copy to clipboard"></button></pre>
</div><div class="content hidden option-2">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-kotlin hljs" data-lang="kotlin" id="x629783149f584363">import io.jooby.kt.runApp
fun main(args: Array<String>) {
runApp(args) {
get("/") { "Welcome to Jooby!" }
}
}</code><button class="clipboard" data-clipboard-target="#x629783149f584363"><img src="/images/clippy.svg" class="clippy" width="13" alt="Copy to clipboard"></button></pre>
</div></div>
<h3 id="features" class="discrete">Features</h3>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><strong>Lightweight and Fast:</strong> See the <a href="https://www.techempower.com/benchmarks/#section=data-r19&hw=ph&test=composite&l=xan9tr-1r" target="_blank">TechEmpower Benchmark</a>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>High Productivity:</strong> Built-in <a href="#tooling-and-operations-development-compilation-and-restart">hot-reload for development</a>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Flexible Routing:</strong> Use the fluent Script/Lambda API or <a href="#web-mvc-api">MVC annotations</a> (Jooby or JAX-RS).</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Modern Tooling:</strong> Full <a href="modules/openapi">OpenAPI 3</a> support.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Execution Options:</strong> Choose between <a href="#core-execution-model">Event Loop or worker threads</a>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Reactive Ready:</strong> Support for <a href="#core-responses">reactive responses</a> (CompletableFuture, RxJava, Reactor, Mutiny, and Kotlin Coroutines).</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Server Choice:</strong> Run on <a href="https://www.eclipse.org/jetty" target="_blank">Jetty</a>, <a href="https://netty.io" target="_blank">Netty</a>, <a href="https://vertx.io" target="_blank">Vert.x</a>, or <a href="http://undertow.io" target="_blank">Undertow</a>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>AI Ready:</strong> Seamlessly expose your application’s data and functions to Large Language Models (LLMs) using the first-class <a href="modules/mcp">Model Context Protocol (MCP)</a> module.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Deep Observability:</strong> Native, vendor-neutral distributed tracing, server metrics, and log correlation via <a href="modules/opentelemetry">OpenTelemetry</a> module.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Extensible:</strong> Scale to a full-stack framework using extensions and <a href="modules">modules</a>.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="admonitionblock tip">
<table>
<tbody><tr>
<td class="icon">
<div class="title">Tip</div>
</td>
<td class="content">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Latest Release: <a href="https://github.com/jooby-project/jooby/releases/tag/v4.4.0" target="_blank">4.4.0</a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Looking for a previous version?</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>Access <a href="v3">3.x</a> documentation. <a href="/migration/4.x">Migrating from 3.x to 4.x</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Access <a href="v2">2.x</a> documentation. <a href="/migration/3.x">Migrating from 2.x to 3.x</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Access <a href="v1">1.x</a> documentation.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="getting-started"><a class="anchor" href="#getting-started"></a><a class="link" href="#getting-started">Getting Started</a></h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="getting-started-introduction"><a class="anchor" href="#getting-started-introduction"></a><a class="link" href="#getting-started-introduction">Introduction</a></h3>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="getting-started-introduction-script-api"><a class="anchor" href="#getting-started-introduction-script-api"></a><a class="link" href="#getting-started-introduction-script-api">Script API</a></h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The Script API (also known as script routes) provides a fluent, reflection-free DSL based on lambda functions.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>We typically extend <code>Jooby</code> and define routes in the instance initializer:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock primary">
<div class="title">Extending Jooby (Recommended for Java):</div>
<div class="switch"><div class="switch--item option-1 selected">Java</div><div class="switch--item option-2">Kotlin</div></div><div class="content option-1">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-java hljs" data-lang="java" id="x172e6e47ba784ff3">import io.jooby.Jooby;
public class App extends Jooby {
{
get("/", ctx -> "Hello Jooby!");
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
runApp(args, App::new);
}
}</code><button class="clipboard" data-clipboard-target="#x172e6e47ba784ff3"><img src="/images/clippy.svg" class="clippy" width="13" alt="Copy to clipboard"></button></pre>
</div><div class="content hidden option-2">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-kotlin hljs" data-lang="kotlin" id="x850b5462348a46b5">import io.jooby.kt.Kooby
import io.jooby.kt.runApp
class App : Kooby({
get("/") { "Hello Jooby!" }
})
fun main(args: Array<String>) {
runApp(args, ::App)
}</code><button class="clipboard" data-clipboard-target="#x850b5462348a46b5"><img src="/images/clippy.svg" class="clippy" width="13" alt="Copy to clipboard"></button></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>For Java applications, we favor extending <code>Jooby</code> to keep the DSL clean (avoiding the need to prefix methods like <code>get</code> with a variable name). However, you can also define routes without subclassing:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock primary">
<div class="title">Without extending Jooby:</div>
<div class="switch"><div class="switch--item option-1 selected">Java</div><div class="switch--item option-2">Kotlin</div></div><div class="content option-1">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-java hljs" data-lang="java" id="xcc29d0dc9e0e482c">import io.jooby.Jooby;
public class App {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Jooby.runApp(args, app -> {
app.get("/", ctx -> "Hello Jooby!");
});
}
}</code><button class="clipboard" data-clipboard-target="#xcc29d0dc9e0e482c"><img src="/images/clippy.svg" class="clippy" width="13" alt="Copy to clipboard"></button></pre>
</div><div class="content hidden option-2">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-kotlin hljs" data-lang="kotlin" id="x9ea5f0abfa3a4709">import io.jooby.kt.runApp
fun main(args: Array<String>) {
runApp(args) {
get("/") { "Hello Jooby!" }
}
}</code><button class="clipboard" data-clipboard-target="#x9ea5f0abfa3a4709"><img src="/images/clippy.svg" class="clippy" width="13" alt="Copy to clipboard"></button></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><strong>(Note: For Kotlin, the DSL remains clean whether you extend <code>Kooby</code> or not).</strong></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="getting-started-introduction-mvc-api"><a class="anchor" href="#getting-started-introduction-mvc-api"></a><a class="link" href="#getting-started-introduction-mvc-api">MVC API</a></h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The MVC API uses annotations to define routes and bytecode generation to execute them quickly.</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock primary">
<div class="title">MVC Routing:</div>
<div class="switch"><div class="switch--item option-1 selected">Java</div><div class="switch--item option-2">Kotlin</div></div><div class="content option-1">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-java hljs" data-lang="java" id="x63f6fa2f1c1d4726">import io.jooby.annotation.*;
public class MyController {
@GET
public String sayHi() {
return "Hello Jooby!";
}
}
public class App {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Jooby.runApp(args, app -> {
app.use(new MyController_());
});
}
}</code><button class="clipboard" data-clipboard-target="#x63f6fa2f1c1d4726"><img src="/images/clippy.svg" class="clippy" width="13" alt="Copy to clipboard"></button></pre>
</div><div class="content hidden option-2">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-kotlin hljs" data-lang="kotlin" id="xb4969a7ed56f4126">import io.jooby.annotation.*
class MyController {
@GET
fun sayHi(): String {
return "Hello Jooby!"
}
}
fun main(args: Array<String>) {
runApp(args) {
use(MyController_())
}
}</code><button class="clipboard" data-clipboard-target="#xb4969a7ed56f4126"><img src="/images/clippy.svg" class="clippy" width="13" alt="Copy to clipboard"></button></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Read more about MVC and JAX-RS support in the <a href="#web-mvc-api">MVC API</a> chapter.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="getting-started-quick-start"><a class="anchor" href="#getting-started-quick-start"></a><a class="link" href="#getting-started-quick-start">Quick Start</a></h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The fastest way to start building is with the <code>jooby</code> console. This lightweight CLI generates configured Jooby projects instantly.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><strong>CLI Features:</strong></p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>Scaffolds Maven or Gradle builds.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Generates Java or Kotlin applications.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Configures Script or MVC routes.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Selects Jetty, Netty, or Undertow as the underlying server.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Prepares Uber/Fat jars or <a href="https://github.com/fizzed/stork" target="_blank">Stork native launchers</a>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Generates a ready-to-use Dockerfile.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="getting-started-quick-start-installing-the-cli"><a class="anchor" href="#getting-started-quick-start-installing-the-cli"></a><a class="link" href="#getting-started-quick-start-installing-the-cli">Installing the CLI</a></h4>
<div class="olist arabic">
<ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>Download <a href="https://repo1.maven.org/maven2/io/jooby/jooby-cli/4.4.0/jooby-cli-4.4.0.zip" target="_blank">jooby-cli.zip</a>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Unzip the file into a preferred directory.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Locate the native launchers in the <code>bin</code> folder.</p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="admonitionblock tip">
<table>
<tbody><tr>
<td class="icon">
<div class="title">Tip</div>
</td>
<td class="content">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Add the launcher (<code>bin/jooby</code> on Linux/macOS, or <code>bin/jooby.bat</code> on Windows) to your system’s PATH to run it from any directory.</p>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="admonitionblock note">
<table>
<tbody><tr>
<td class="icon">
<div class="title">Note</div>
</td>
<td class="content">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The <code>jooby</code> CLI requires Java 17 or higher. Windows users should use <code>jooby.bat</code>.</p>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="getting-started-quick-start-creating-a-project"><a class="anchor" href="#getting-started-quick-start-creating-a-project"></a><a class="link" href="#getting-started-quick-start-creating-a-project">Creating a Project</a></h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>First, set your workspace directory where new projects will be saved:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-bash hljs" data-lang="bash" id="x590a7d364db8449d">jooby set -w ~/Source</code><button class="clipboard" data-clipboard-target="#x590a7d364db8449d"><img src="/images/clippy.svg" class="clippy" width="13" alt="Copy to clipboard"></button></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Next, open the console by typing <code>jooby</code> and pressing ENTER.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>To see all available options, type <code>help create</code>:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-bash hljs" data-lang="bash" id="x4bd998c02a554ffa">jooby> help create
Usage: jooby create [-dgikms] [--server=<server>] <name>
Creates a new application
<name> Application name or coordinates (groupId:artifactId:version)
-d, --docker Generates a Dockerfile
-g, --gradle Generates a Gradle project
-i Start interactive mode
-k, --kotlin Generates a Kotlin application
-m, --mvc Generates an MVC application
-s, --stork Add Stork Maven plugin to build (Maven only)
--server=<server> Choose a server: jetty, netty, or undertow</code><button class="clipboard" data-clipboard-target="#x4bd998c02a554ffa"><img src="/images/clippy.svg" class="clippy" width="13" alt="Copy to clipboard"></button></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><strong>Examples:</strong></p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="title">Create a default Maven Java project:</div>
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-bash hljs" data-lang="bash" id="xa54162b6afde4989">jooby> create myapp</code><button class="clipboard" data-clipboard-target="#xa54162b6afde4989"><img src="/images/clippy.svg" class="clippy" width="13" alt="Copy to clipboard"></button></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="title">Create a Kotlin project:</div>
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-bash hljs" data-lang="bash" id="xcbf5ebd1dda04b8c">jooby> create myapp --kotlin</code><button class="clipboard" data-clipboard-target="#xcbf5ebd1dda04b8c"><img src="/images/clippy.svg" class="clippy" width="13" alt="Copy to clipboard"></button></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="admonitionblock note">
<table>
<tbody><tr>
<td class="icon">
<div class="title">Note</div>
</td>
<td class="content">
<div class="title">Kotlin Dependency</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Since version 3.x, Kotlin is no longer included in the core. The CLI will automatically add the required dependency:</p>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="title">Create a Gradle project (Java or Kotlin):</div>
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-bash hljs" data-lang="bash" id="xe1f376764f1f48af">jooby> create myapp --gradle
jooby> create myapp --gradle --kotlin</code><button class="clipboard" data-clipboard-target="#xe1f376764f1f48af"><img src="/images/clippy.svg" class="clippy" width="13" alt="Copy to clipboard"></button></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="title">Create an MVC-based project:</div>
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-bash hljs" data-lang="bash" id="xaef5b32a76ec4349">jooby> create myapp --mvc</code><button class="clipboard" data-clipboard-target="#xaef5b32a76ec4349"><img src="/images/clippy.svg" class="clippy" width="13" alt="Copy to clipboard"></button></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="title">Specify the server (default is Netty):</div>
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-bash hljs" data-lang="bash" id="xbd3389a85f8e4b29">jooby> create myapp --server undertow</code><button class="clipboard" data-clipboard-target="#xbd3389a85f8e4b29"><img src="/images/clippy.svg" class="clippy" width="13" alt="Copy to clipboard"></button></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="title">Include Dockerfile and Stork launcher configurations:</div>
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-bash hljs" data-lang="bash" id="x516c9751c4694af1">jooby> create myapp --docker --stork</code><button class="clipboard" data-clipboard-target="#x516c9751c4694af1"><img src="/images/clippy.svg" class="clippy" width="13" alt="Copy to clipboard"></button></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>For full control over the <code>groupId</code>, package structure, and versioning, use interactive mode:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-bash hljs" data-lang="bash" id="x2ef89c96348c4982">jooby> create myapp -i</code><button class="clipboard" data-clipboard-target="#x2ef89c96348c4982"><img src="/images/clippy.svg" class="clippy" width="13" alt="Copy to clipboard"></button></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="getting-started-quick-start-understanding-code-snippets"><a class="anchor" href="#getting-started-quick-start-understanding-code-snippets"></a><a class="link" href="#getting-started-quick-start-understanding-code-snippets">Understanding Code Snippets</a></h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Throughout this documentation, we prioritize brevity. Unless strictly necessary, code examples will omit the <code>main</code> method and class definitions.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>When you see a snippet like this:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock primary">
<div class="title">Snippet</div>
<div class="switch"><div class="switch--item option-1 selected">Java</div><div class="switch--item option-2">Kotlin</div></div><div class="content option-1">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-java hljs" data-lang="java" id="xc25b5a2490904884">{
get("/", ctx -> "Snippet");
}</code><button class="clipboard" data-clipboard-target="#xc25b5a2490904884"><img src="/images/clippy.svg" class="clippy" width="13" alt="Copy to clipboard"></button></pre>
</div><div class="content hidden option-2">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-kotlin hljs" data-lang="kotlin" id="xb6e1ba055e04458d">{
get("/") { "Snippet" }
}</code><button class="clipboard" data-clipboard-target="#xb6e1ba055e04458d"><img src="/images/clippy.svg" class="clippy" width="13" alt="Copy to clipboard"></button></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Assume it is taking place inside the <code>Jooby</code> initializer block or the <code>runApp</code> function.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="core"><a class="anchor" href="#core"></a><a class="link" href="#core">Core</a></h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph lead">
<p>The heart of the Jooby development experience. This section defines the Request-Response Pipeline, covering everything from expressive routing and path patterns to managing the Context and crafting fluid responses. It is the essential guide to building the logic that powers your web applications.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="core-router"><a class="anchor" href="#core-router"></a><a class="link" href="#core-router">Router</a></h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The <a href="https://www.javadoc.io/doc/io.jooby/jooby/latest/io.jooby/io/jooby/Router.html" target="_blank">Router</a> is the heart of Jooby and consists of:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>A routing algorithm (radix tree)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>One or more <a href="https://www.javadoc.io/doc/io.jooby/jooby/latest/io.jooby/io/jooby/Route.html" target="_blank">routes</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>A collection of operators over <a href="https://www.javadoc.io/doc/io.jooby/jooby/latest/io.jooby/io/jooby/Route.html" target="_blank">routes</a></p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="core-router-route"><a class="anchor" href="#core-router-route"></a><a class="link" href="#core-router-route">Route</a></h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>A <a href="https://www.javadoc.io/doc/io.jooby/jooby/latest/io.jooby/io/jooby/Route.html" target="_blank">Route</a> consists of three parts:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock primary">
<div class="title">Routes:</div>
<div class="switch"><div class="switch--item option-1 selected">Java</div><div class="switch--item option-2">Kotlin</div></div><div class="content option-1">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-java hljs" data-lang="java" id="x4464a1a0dc2f4bdc">{
// <b class="conum">(1)</b> <b class="conum">(2)</b>
get("/foo", ctx -> {
return "foo"; // <b class="conum">(3)</b>
});
// Get example with path variable
get("/foo/{id}", ctx -> {
return ctx.path("id").value();
});
// Post example
post("/", ctx -> {
return ctx.body().value();
});
}</code><button class="clipboard" data-clipboard-target="#x4464a1a0dc2f4bdc"><img src="/images/clippy.svg" class="clippy" width="13" alt="Copy to clipboard"></button></pre>
</div><div class="content hidden option-2">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-kotlin hljs" data-lang="kotlin" id="x9b3b4d13252947a3">{
// <b class="conum">(1)</b> <b class="conum">(2)</b>
get("/foo") {
"foo" // <b class="conum">(3)</b>
}
// Get example with path variable
get("/foo/{id}") {
ctx.path("id").value()
}
// Post example
post("/") {
ctx.body().value()
}
}</code><button class="clipboard" data-clipboard-target="#x9b3b4d13252947a3"><img src="/images/clippy.svg" class="clippy" width="13" alt="Copy to clipboard"></button></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="colist arabic">
<ol>
<li>
<p>HTTP method/verb (e.g., <code>GET</code>, <code>POST</code>)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Path pattern (e.g., <code>/foo</code>, <code>/foo/{id}</code>)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Handler function</p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The <a href="https://www.javadoc.io/doc/io.jooby/jooby/latest/io.jooby/io/jooby/Route.Handler.html" target="_blank">handler</a> function always produces a result, which is sent back to the client.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect4">
<h5 id="core-router-route-attributes"><a class="anchor" href="#core-router-route-attributes"></a><a class="link" href="#core-router-route-attributes">Attributes</a></h5>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Attributes allow you to annotate a route at application bootstrap time. They function as static metadata available at runtime:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock primary">
<div class="switch"><div class="switch--item option-1 selected">Java</div><div class="switch--item option-2">Kotlin</div></div><div class="content option-1">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-java hljs" data-lang="java" id="xea7250ae089a4c4d">{
get("/foo", ctx -> "Foo")
.setAttribute("foo", "bar");
}</code><button class="clipboard" data-clipboard-target="#xea7250ae089a4c4d"><img src="/images/clippy.svg" class="clippy" width="13" alt="Copy to clipboard"></button></pre>
</div><div class="content hidden option-2">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-kotlin hljs" data-lang="kotlin" id="x54d8016fb5474b11">{
get("/foo") {
"Foo"
}.setAttribute("foo", "bar")
}</code><button class="clipboard" data-clipboard-target="#x54d8016fb5474b11"><img src="/images/clippy.svg" class="clippy" width="13" alt="Copy to clipboard"></button></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>An attribute consists of a name and a value. Values can be any object. Attributes can be accessed during the request/response cycle. For example, a security module might check for a role attribute.</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock primary">