Merge branch 'master' into python-list

Author: KateFinegan

ipython-console/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# Code Snippets and IPython Cheat Sheet
+
+This folder contains code resources and an IPython magic command cheat sheet based on the content of the Real Python tutorial [Unlock IPython's Magical Toolbox for Your Coding Journey](https://realpython.com/ipython-interactive-python-shell/).

ipython-console/employee.py

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+first_name = "Han"
+last_name = "Solo"
+department = "Accounts"
+salary = 1000

ipython-console/employee_embedded.py

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+import IPython
+
+first_name = "Han"
+last_name = "Solo"
+department = "Accounts"
+print(f"{first_name} {last_name}")
+
+IPython.embed()
+
+salary = 1000

ipython-console/increment.py

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+def salary_increment(salary):
+    """Calculate the new salary after applying an increment.
+
+    Args:
+        salary (int): The current salary.
+
+    Returns:
+        str: A string indicating the new salary after increment.
+    """
+    increment = salary / 10
+    new_salary = increment + salary
+    return f"Your New Salary is: {new_salary}"

ipython-console/ipython-cheat-sheet.pdf

@@ -31,8 +31,8 @@ def get_average_luminance(pixels):
     return exp(mean([log(luminance(pixel) + 1e-9) for pixel in pixels]))
 
 
-def mean(n):
-    return sum(n) / len(n)
+def mean(numbers):
+    return sum(numbers) / len(numbers)
 
 
 def luminance(pixel):

python-312/perf-profiler/benchmark_optimized.py

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+# Profiling in Python: How to Find Performance Bottlenecks
+
+This folder holds sample code that supplements the Real Python tutorial [Profiling in Python: How to Find Performance Bottlenecks](https://realpython.com/python-profiling/).
+
+## Profiler 1: `time`
+
+```shell
+$ python profile_time.py 
+sleeper()
+ Real time: 1.75 seconds
+ CPU time: 0.00 seconds
+
+spinlock()
+ Real time: 1.80 seconds
+ CPU time: 1.80 seconds
+```
+
+## Profiler 2: `timeit`
+
+```shell
+$ python profile_timeit.py 
+Average time is 0.15 seconds
+```
+
+## Profiler 3: `cProfile`
+
+```shell
+$ python profile_cprofile.py 
+fib(35) = 9227465
+         29860712 function calls (10 primitive calls) in 9.487 seconds
+
+   Ordered by: call count
+
+   ncalls  tottime  percall  cumtime  percall filename:lineno(function)
+29860703/1    9.487    0.000    9.487    9.487 profile_cprofile.py:5(fib)
+        1    0.000    0.000    0.000    0.000 pstats.py:118(init)
+        1    0.000    0.000    0.000    0.000 pstats.py:137(load_stats)
+        1    0.000    0.000    0.000    0.000 pstats.py:108(__init__)
+        1    0.000    0.000    0.000    0.000 cProfile.py:51(create_stats)
+        1    0.000    0.000    0.000    0.000 {method 'disable' of '_lsprof.Profiler' objects}
+        1    0.000    0.000    0.000    0.000 {built-in method builtins.hasattr}
+        1    0.000    0.000    0.000    0.000 {built-in method builtins.isinstance}
+        1    0.000    0.000    0.000    0.000 {built-in method builtins.len}
+        1    0.000    0.000    0.000    0.000 {built-in method builtins.print}
+```
+
+## Profiler 4: `pyinstrument`
+
+Make sure to install the third-party library [`pyinstrument`](https://pypi.org/project/pyinstrument/) from the supplied `requirements.txt` file into a virtual environment first:
+
+```shell
+$ python3 -m venv venv/
+$ source venv/bin/activate
+(venv) $ python -m pip install -r requirements.txt
+```
+
+Then, you can run the sample script while you're still in the same virtual environment:
+
+```shell
+(venv) $ python profile_pyinstrument.py 
+n = 10         [2.8, 2.8, 2.8, 3.2, 2.4]
+n = 100        [3.04, 3.28, 3.24, 2.92, 3.24]
+n = 1,000      [3.176, 3.192, 3.188, 3.076, 3.132]
+n = 10,000     [3.1376, 3.1328, 3.172, 3.1292, 3.1376]
+n = 100,000    [3.14636, 3.13424, 3.15104, 3.14212, 3.14612]
+n = 1,000,000  [3.141736, 3.141708, 3.14168, 3.141828, 3.140708]
+n = 10,000,000 [3.14143, 3.1403824, 3.1411704, 3.1408808, 3.1420068]
+
+  _     ._   __/__   _ _  _  _ _/_   Recorded: 11:49:03  Samples:  243
+ /_//_/// /_\ / //_// / //_'/ //     Duration: 24.334    CPU time: 24.298
+/   _/                      v4.5.0
+
+Program: profile_pyinstrument.py
+
+24.300 <module>  profile_pyinstrument.py:1
+└─ 24.300 estimate_pi  profile_pyinstrument.py:6
+   ├─ 23.200 <genexpr>  profile_pyinstrument.py:7
+   │  ├─ 15.200 point  profile_pyinstrument.py:14
+   │  │  ├─ 7.700 Random.uniform  random.py:520
+   │  │  │     [4 frames hidden]  random, <built-in>
+   │  │  │        6.200 [self]  None
+   │  │  └─ 7.500 [self]  None
+   │  ├─ 4.600 [self]  None
+   │  └─ 3.400 hits  profile_pyinstrument.py:10
+   │     ├─ 2.400 [self]  None
+   │     └─ 1.000 abs  None
+   │           [2 frames hidden]  <built-in>
+   └─ 1.100 [self]  None
+```
+
+## Profiler 5: `perf`
+
+Make sure to follow the setup instructions in the [Python 3.12 Preview: Support For the Linux perf Profiler](https://realpython.com/python312-perf-profiler/) tutorial.
+
+Next, record samples into a local binary file named `perf.data`:
+
+```shell
+$ sudo perf record -g -F 999 $HOME/python-custom-build/bin/python3 -X perf profile_perf.py
+```
+
+Finally, display a report by issuing the following command while you're in the same folder:
+
+```shell
+$ sudo perf report
+```
+
+For an alternative view, try this instead:
+
+```shell
+$ sudo perf report --hierarchy --sort comm,dso,sample
+```

python-profiling/README.md

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+from cProfile import Profile
+from pstats import SortKey, Stats
+
+
+def fib(n):
+    return n if n < 2 else fib(n - 2) + fib(n - 1)
+
+
+with Profile() as profile:
+    print(f"{fib(35) = }")
+    Stats(profile).strip_dirs().sort_stats(SortKey.CALLS).print_stats()

python-profiling/profile_cprofile.py

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+from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor
+
+
+def find_divisors(n):
+    return [i for i in range(1, n + 1) if n % i == 0]
+
+
+def slow_function():
+    print("Slow thread started")
+    try:
+        return find_divisors(100_000_000)
+    finally:
+        print("Slow thread ended")
+
+
+def fast_function():
+    print("Fast thread started")
+    try:
+        return find_divisors(50_000_000)
+    finally:
+        print("Fast thread ended")
+
+
+def main():
+    with ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=2) as pool:
+        pool.submit(slow_function)
+        pool.submit(fast_function)
+
+    print("Main thread ended")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

python-profiling/profile_perf.py

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+from random import uniform
+
+from pyinstrument import Profiler
+
+
+def estimate_pi(n):
+    return 4 * sum(hits(point()) for _ in range(n)) / n
+
+
+def hits(point):
+    return abs(point) <= 1
+
+
+def point():
+    return complex(uniform(0, 1), uniform(0, 1))
+
+
+for exponent in range(1, 8):
+    n = 10**exponent
+    estimates = [estimate_pi(n) for _ in range(5)]
+    print(f"{n = :<10,} {estimates}")
+
+
+with Profiler(interval=0.1) as profiler:
+    estimate_pi(n=10_000_000)
+
+profiler.print()